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Record 1 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Foodborne disease outbreaks of chemical etiology in
the United States, 1970-1974.
- Author
- Hughes JM; Horwitz MA; Merson MH; Barker WH Jr;
Gangarosa EJ
- Address
-
- Source
- Am J Epidemiol, 1977 Mar, 105:3, 233-44
- Abstract
- In the United States between 1970 and 1974 there was
an increase each year both in the absolute number of
foodborne diseases outbreaks of chemical etiology
reported to the Center for Disease Control and in the
proportion of these outbreaks in the total reported
foodborne disease outbreaks. Nearly half (48.9%) of
these foodborne disease outbreaks of chemical origin
were caused by toxic fish or shellfish. Of the rest,
16.5% were caused by poisonous mushrooms, 10.9% by heavy
metal poisoning, 7.2% by excessive use in food of
monosodium glutamate (the etiologic agent of Chinese
Restaurant Syndrome) and 16.5% by miscellaneous
chemicals. Practices that contributed to the occurrence
of these outbreaks included the inadvertent selection
for consumption of toxic fish, shellfish, or mushrooms,
storage of fish at improper temperatures, storage of
acidic liquids in metal containers, and addition of
excessive amounts of monosodium glutamate to foods.
Commercially-processed foods were responsible for
outbreaks of scombroid fish poisoning, shellfish
poisoning, and heavy metal poisoning. Because outbreaks
of chemical etiology due to contaminated commercial
products do occur, prompt recognition and reporting of
outbreaks to public health personnel are essential so
that epidemiologic investigations can be conducted and
effective control measures promptly initiated.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 77154601
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Disease Outbreaks|*EP; Food Poisoning|EP/*ET
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Fishes; Human; Marine Toxins; Metals|PO;
Mushroom Poisoning|EP; Shellfish|PO; Sodium Glutamate|PO;
United States
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0002-9262
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 2 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Isolation of Aeromonas spp. from an unchlorinated
domestic water supply.
- Author
- Burke V; Robinson J; Gracey M; Peterson D; Meyer N;
Haley V
- Address
-
- Source
- Appl Environ Microbiol, 1984 Aug, 48:2, 367-70
- Abstract
- The recovery of Aeromonas spp. from the unchlorinated
water supply for a Western Australian city of 21,000
people was monitored at several sampling points during a
period of 1 year. Membrane filtration techniques were
used to count colonies of Aeromonas spp., coliforms, and
Escherichia coli in water sampled before entry to
service reservoirs, during storage in service
reservoirs, and in distribution systems. Aeromonas spp.
were identified by subculture on blood agar with
ampicillin, oxidase tests, and the use of Kaper medium
and then were tested for production of enterotoxins and
hemolysins. During the same period, two-thirds of all
fecal specimens sent for microbiological examination
were cultured on ampicillin-blood agar for Aeromonas spp.
Recovery of Aeromonas spp. from water supplies at
distribution points correlated with fecal isolations and
continued during autumn and winter. Coliforms and E.
coli were found most commonly in late summer to autumn.
This pattern differs from the summer peak of Aeromonas
isolations both from water and from patients with
Aeromonas spp.-associated gastroenteritis in Perth,
Western Australia, a city with a chlorinated domestic
water supply. Of the Aeromonas strains from water, 61%
were enterotoxigenic, and 64% produced hemolysins.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 85021343
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Aeromonas|*IP/PY; Water Microbiology|*; Water Supply|*
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Australia; Bacterial Infections|MI; Bacterial
Toxins|AN; Chlorine; Hemolysins|IP; Human; Mice
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0099-2240
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 3 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Microbiology of frozen goat meat and toxin production
by Bacillus cereus isolated therefrom.
- Author
- Srivastava KC; Paz AA; Saridakis HO; Popper IO; De
Castro SR
- Address
-
- Source
- Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [B], 1981, 174:1-2,
125-32
- Abstract
- Microbial analysis of commercial samples of freshly
frozen goat meat and those stored at - 12 degrees C for
one week revealed high counts of aerobic bacteria,
Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococci.
These counts increased with storage. Psychrophilic
bacteria were higher in number than mesophiles. The
counts of Salmonella were zero CFU/g in both freshly
frozen and stock frozen meat. No yeast or moulds were
encountered. Mouse tests of crude culture filtrate of B.
cereus and preparations from meat samples confirmed the
production of toxin.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 82109546
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Bacillus cereus|IP/*ME; Bacterial Toxins|*BI; Food
Microbiology|*; Meat|*
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Enterobacteriaceae|IP; Goats; Human; Mice;
Staphylococcus|IP; Streptococcus|IP
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0174-3015
- Country of Publication
- GERMANY, WEST
Record 4 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Association of human enteric pathogenicity and mouse
lung toxicity of Escherichia coli.
- Author
- Czirók E
- Address
-
- Source
- Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung, 1980, 27:1, 71-7
- Abstract
- Mouse lung toxicity of 439 strains (431 Escherichia
coli, 1 Shigella dysenteriae 1, 1 Enterobacter cloacae,
5 Vibrio sp., 1 Klebsiella) was compared to other
pathogenicity tests (mouse virulence, enterotoxicity,
guinea pig eye test), to serogroup distribution, loss of
virulence on storage, origin and haemolytic activity.
Mouse lethality was highest in serogroup O4 (p <
0.001), O18a,c (p < 0.001); serogroups O6, O20, O75,
O115, O147 were next in order. E. coli serogroups O19,
O26, O28a,b, O32, O51, O53, O55, O73, O78, O79, O83,
O105, O111, O112, O114, O117, O119, O124, O129, O136,
O142 failed to show lung toxicity. Strains O4 and O18
isolated at different periods of time did not differ
significantly in the lung test (p = 0.05, p = 0.01, p
> 0.1, p = 0.05, p > 0.1). There was no
significant difference between strains isolated from the
stools of patients with enteritis and of healthy
individuals (p = 0.1, p > 0.99) and between those
isolated from all faecal specimens and from
extraintestinal samples (p = 0.05, p > 0.3). There
was no correlation between lung toxicity and other
pathogenicity tests. Since strains isolated from healthy
individuals were also toxic for mice, a positive lung
test cannot be considered a criterion of the
aetiological role of the agent.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 81018615
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Escherichia coli|CL/PH/*PY; Escherichia coli
Infections|*MI; Pneumonia|*ET
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Bacterial Toxins|BI; Comparative Study;
Enterotoxins|BI; Hemolysis; Human; Mice; Serotyping
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0001-6187
- Country of Publication
- HUNGARY
Record 5 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Ciguatera fish poisoning in Miami.
- Author
- Lawrence DN; Enriquez MB; Lumish RM; Maceo A
- Address
-
- Source
- JAMA, 1980 Jul, 244:3, 254-8
- Abstract
- Ciguatoxic fish constitute a continuing foodborne
disease problem in Miami. Information from 129 cases of
ciguatera fish poisoning reported to the Dade County
(Miami) department of Public Health during 1974 to 1976
was used for epidemiologic study of the syndrome. The
case definition required that both gastrointestinal and
paresthetic neurological symptoms be experienced within
36 hours after eating fish. Grouper and snapper were the
fish most frequently implicated. Neither methods of
storage nor means of preparation seemed to affect fish
toxicity. A predominantly late spring and summer
seasonality was noted. The true annual incidence of this
syndrome in Miami may be ten times the number reported
to the health department, suggesting an average annual
incidence of at least five cases per 10,000 resident
population. Recent advances in ciguatoxin research may
lead to much needed assays for toxin detection.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 80207258
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Ciguatoxin|*PO; Food Poisoning|DI/*EP; Marine
Toxins|*PO
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Disease Outbreaks|EP; Fishes, Poisonous;
Florida; Human; Seasons; Syndrome
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0098-7484
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 6 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Gel-filtration on psoriasic and uremic serum and
dialysis fluid.
- Author
- Lamperi S; Buoncristiani U; Carozzi S; Cozzari M;
Icardi A; Trasforini D
- Address
-
- Source
- Artif Organs, 1981, 4 Suppl:, 156-9
- Abstract
- In this search the serum and dialysis fluid of
psoriasic patients in comparison with those of normal
and uremic subjects have been evaluated by
gel-filtration through a Sephadex G-15 column. The
results showed a storage of the substances with various
molecular weight in these patients. Particular attention
was addressed to those with MW less than 1500 because
they are not generally present in the normal subjects,
decrease in the serum of psoriasic and uremic patients
during the dialytic therapy, simultaneously with
positive effects on the clinical symptomatology.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 82045415
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Hemodialysis|*; Psoriasis|*ME; Toxins|*BL; Uremia|*ME
- MeSH Heading
- Blood Chemical Analysis; Chromatography, Gel; Human;
Molecular Weight; Reference Values
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 7 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Effect of low-dose irradiation on growth of and toxin
production by Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus
in roast beef and gravy.
- Author
- Grant IR; Nixon CR; Patterson MF
- Address
- Department of Food Microbiology, Queen's University of
Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
- Source
- Int J Food Microbiol, 1993 Mar, 18:1, 25-36
- Abstract
- The effect of irradiation (2 kGy) on growth of and
toxin production by Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus
cereus in roast beef and gravy during storage at abuse
temperatures (15 and 22 degrees C) was assessed by
inoculation studies. Irradiation resulted in a 3-4 log10
reduction in numbers of both pathogens. Whenever B.
cereus and S. aureus numbers reached 10(6) and 10(7) cfu/g,
respectively, during storage their toxins were
detectable. As the time taken to attain these levels was
longer in irradiated than in unirradiated samples, toxin
production by both pathogens was delayed by irradiation.
When samples initially containing low levels (10(2)/g)
of S. aureus were irradiated no toxin was produced
during subsequent storage at 15 or 22 degrees C.
Diarrhoeal toxin produced by B. cereus was detected
after 2 days at 22 degrees C, but not at 15 degrees C,
in samples containing 10(2) cells/g prior to
irradiation. When higher numbers (10(6)/g) of either
pathogen were present prior to irradiation, toxins were
produced by both pathogens at 22 degrees C, but not at
15 degrees C. Microbial competition had an effect on the
growth of B. cereus and S. aureus after irradiation when
a low initial inoculum was applied. However, when a
higher inoculum was used the pathogens outnumbered their
competitors and competition effects were less important.
It was concluded that low-dose irradiation would improve
the microbiological safety of roast beef and gravy.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 93222019
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Bacillus cereus|GD/ME/*RE; Food Irradiation|*; Food
Microbiology|*; Meat|*MI/*RE; Staphylococcus aureus|GD/ME/*RE
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Bacterial Toxins|BI; Cattle; Food Poisoning|PC;
Human; Radiation Dosage; Safety; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0168-1605
- Country of Publication
- NETHERLANDS
Record 8 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Bacteria associated with obstructive pulmonary disease
elaborate extracellular products that stimulate mucin
secretion by explants of guinea pig airways.
- Author
- Adler KB; Hendley DD; Davis GS
- Address
-
- Source
- Am J Pathol, 1986 Dec, 125:3, 501-14
- Abstract
- Certain cell-free filtrates from broth cultures of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Hemophilus influenzae and
Streptococcus pneumoniae stimulate secretion of
glycoconjugates by explants of guinea pig trachea. The
stimulatory effect is not related to toxicity or damage
to the respiratory mucosa, as well as could be
determined by ultrastructural examination of the
explants after exposure. Bacteria isolated from patients
with a history of chronic obstructive lung disease (P
aeruginosa from cystic fibrosis, H influenzae, and S
pneumoniae from chronic bronchitis) do not demonstrate
increased frequency of positive strains or greater
stimulation of secretion than organisms isolated from
other individuals. At least three stimulatory substances
are found in cell-free filtrates of P aeruginosa. They
appear to be proteins of molecular weight 60,000-100,000
as determined by gel filtration. Within the crude
filtrate, they are relatively stable to heat,
proteolysis, and storage at 4 C and in liquid nitrogen.
The stimulatory activity is not lost upon subculture of
the bacteria. When isolated from the filtrate by column
chromatography, they become labile to heat and trypsin.
Isolated active fractions show proteolytic activity
coinciding with mucin-stimulating capacity, suggesting a
relationship with Pseudomonas proteases. Stimulatory
substances released by S pneumoniae and H influenzae
appear to be different from those elaborated by
Pseudomonas. They are extremely labile to heat and
storage, and the capacity to stimulate secretion is lost
on subculture. Preliminary gel filtration indicates the
S pneumoniae stimulatory substance(s) is in a molecular
weight range of 100,000-300,000 daltons, while that of H
influenzae is between 50,000 and 200,000. The results
suggest bacteria which chronically infect or colonize
respiratory airways of individuals suffering from
obstructive lung disease can elaborate extracellular
product(s) capable of stimulating secretion of mucin.
Thus, the bacteria themselves may contribute to local
manifestations and, ultimately, to the pathogenesis of
obstructive disease.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 87097622
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Bacterial Toxins|*AN/IP; Haemophilus influenzae|*IP;
Lung Diseases, Obstructive|*MI; Mucins|*SE; Pseudomonas
aeruginosa|*IP; Streptococcus pneumoniae|*IP; Trachea|DE/*SE/UL
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Guinea Pigs; Human; Male; Organ Culture;
Peptide Hydrolases|AN; Phospholipase C|PD; Sputum|MI;
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0002-9440
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 9 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Corneal endothelial structure and function under
normal and toxic conditions.
- Author
- Green K
- Address
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of
Georgia, Augusta 30912-3400.
- Source
- Cell Biol Rev, 1991, 25:3, 169-207, 231-3
- Abstract
- Our understanding of the function of the corneal
endothelium in corneal thickness regulation, and the
role of ion transport mechanisms in endothelial
physiology, has expanded greatly over the past 25 years.
The basic events occurring across the apical and
basolateral membranes of the cells are far better
understood today, although gaps still exist in the area
of the relationship of the cellular and paracellular
pathways and their relative contribution to the overall
behavior of the endothelium. Little is known about the
movement of ions or fluid between the cells or in what
proportion this may occur compared to the cellular
events. Furthermore, although our knowledge of the ionic
movement processes has been enhanced, the link between
fluid transfer across the endothelium and ion movements
remains an enigma. Important questions also remain
concerning the link between electrical characteristics
and either ion movement or fluid transport. Improved
storage solutions are needed that will preserve
endothelial function after transplantation through the
provision of a significant improvement in long-term cell
survival. The limit to preservation time at present is
about 14 days, and the use of other variables in the
storage solution may extend this time. In reality,
however, extension of preservation time is now of
secondary importance relative to the need to enhance
cell survival and reduce cell loss following surgery.
Whether such improvement can be made with manipulation
of the solution alone, or whether refinements are needed
in the surgical technique awaits further study. Our
comprehension of the biochemical linkage between energy
supply and ion movement also remains uncertain in view
of the particular intracellular localization of the
anionic ATPases to mitochondrial loci. Despite numerous
attempts there have been only a few chemicals identified
that stimulate the fluid pump, but the level of
stimulation has been relatively small and short-lived.
No sustained effects have been found that would be of
clinical benefit in reducing corneal thickness. A
considerable variety of chemicals has been tested on the
endothelium and it is unlikely that any new compounds
will be identified that will cause enhancement of the
fluid pump that would be of clinical benefit in
dystrophic, or otherwise swollen, corneas. Of all the
toxic responses of the endothelium the majority have
been identified because of a malfunction of corneal
thickness regulation, with the resultant corneal
swelling, or by morphological examination. Only in a few
instances has the permeability to non-electrolytes (carboxyfluorescein,
inulin/dextran) been measured, and even more rarely have
ion fluxes, or pump activity (3H-ouabain binding), been
measured.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 95003181
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Endothelium, Corneal|*/CY/DE/ME/PH
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Biological Transport; Human; Support, Non-U.S.
Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Toxins|PD
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, ACADEMIC
- ISSN
- 1131-7108
- Country of Publication
- SPAIN
Record 10 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Distribution of toxigenic Escherichia coli serotypes
in the intestines of infants.
- Author
- Bettelheim KA; Goldwater PN; Evangelidis H; Pearce JL;
Smith DL
- Address
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Fairfield Hospital,
Victoria, Australia.
- Source
- Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 1992 Jan, 15:1,
65-70
- Abstract
- As part of an ongoing study into the pathogenesis of
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), the distribution of
serotypes of toxigenic and non-toxigenic Escherichia
coli within the gastrointestinal tract of babies who had
died was investigated. Escherichia coli isolates from
the mid-ileum, colon and rectum of six SIDS cases and
one case which had died suddenly and unexpectedly but
had underlying cardiac pathology were "O"
serogrouped and examined for verocytoxic activity and
production of heat-labile enterotoxin. In addition, the
effect of storage of gut specimens and rectal swabs at 4
degrees C on isolation of toxigenic strains was studied
in three of the cases. A diversity of serogroups and
toxigenicity was a general finding, however, strains
found in the proximal gut were also cultured from the
rectum, indicating that faecal specimens would be a
valid tool in investigating the role of these organisms
in SIDS cases compared with healthy controls. Storage
for up to 5 days at 4 degrees C had no appreciable
effect on isolation rates of toxigenic bacteria.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 92191538
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Enterotoxins|*BI; Escherichia coli|CL/*PY;
Intestines|*MI; Sudden Infant Death|*ET
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Bacterial Toxins|BI; Cytotoxins|BI; Female;
Human; Infant; Male; Preservation, Biological;
Serotyping; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Vero Cells
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0147-9571
- Country of Publication
- ENGLAND
Record 11 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Type II heat-labile enterotoxin-producing Escherichia
coli isolated from animals and humans.
- Author
- Seriwatana J; Echeverria P; Taylor DN; Rasrinaul L;
Brown JE; Peiris JS; Clayton CL
- Address
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences,
Bangkok, Thailand.
- Source
- Infect Immun, 1988 May, 56:5, 1158-61
- Abstract
- Heat-labile enterotoxin (LT)-producing Escherichia
coli strains, as identified by the Y1 adrenal cell
assay, were examined with a DNA probe coding for type I
and type II LTs. Of 236 LT-producing E. coli isolates,
60% hybridized with LT-I, 17% hybridized with LT-II, and
23% did not hybridize with either probe and no longer
produced LT as determined by the Y1 adrenal cell assay.
These isolates presumably lost plasmids coding for LT-I
during storage. A total of 75% of LT-producing E. coli
isolates (27 of 36) from cows, 64% of LT-producing E.
coli isolates (7 of 11) from buffalo, 31% of
LT-producing E. coli isolates (4 of 13) from beef
obtained in markets, and 2% of LT-producing E. coli
isolates (3 of 168) from humans contained genes coding
for LT-II. Genes coding for LT-II were not found in 50
LT-I-producing and heat-stable enterotoxin-producing E.
coli isolates from 11 children with diarrhea and 44 LT-nonproducing
and heat-stable enterotoxin-producing E. coli isolates
from 12 other children with diarrhea. A total of 9% of
LT-II-producing E. coli isolates (3 of 34) from cows and
buffalo hybridized with DNA probes for genes coding for
verocytotoxin 2 (VT2), and 18% (6 of 34) hybridized with
a DNA probe coding for enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
adhesin fimbriae. E. coli SA-53, the original isolate in
which LT-II was found, contained genes coding for VT2
and EHEC adhesin fimbriae. Five VT-producing,
LT-II-producing E. coli isolates that hybridized with
the EHEC probe did not contain DNA sequences coding for
VT1 or VT2. LT-II-producing E. coli strains were
frequently isolated from cattle and buffalo but were
rarely isolated from humans.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 88186185
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Bacterial Toxins|*BI/GE; Enterotoxins|*BI/GE;
Escherichia coli|GE/*IP
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Biological Assay; Cloning, Molecular; DNA
Restriction Enzymes; Genes, Bacterial; Human; Nucleic
Acid Hybridization
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0019-9567
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 12 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated
diarrhoea.
- Author
- Bowman RA; Riley TV
- Address
- Department of Microbiology, University of Western
Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands.
- Source
- Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1988 Aug, 7:4, 476-84
- Abstract
- This paper reviews the various laboratory procedures
available for the isolation and identification of
Clostridium difficile and the detection of toxins
produced by this organism. Laboratories should be
selective in determining which patients require
investigation for Clostridium difficile-associated
diarrhoea. Transport and storage of stool specimens at 4
degrees C is recommended when delays in processing may
occur. Tissue culture techniques are still the best
method for detection of cytotoxin and a variety of cell
lines can be used. Other methods for detecting cytotoxin,
and methods for detecting other toxins are not
sufficiently developed yet to warrant introduction into
diagnostic laboratories. Culture techniques remain the
most sensitive for diagnosis, particularly since the
development of a variety of enrichment techniques.
Cycloserine cefoxitin fructose agar is still adequate,
although reduced concentrations of antimicrobial agents
are necessary, and improvements, such as the addition of
sodium taurocholate, increase the recovery of spores.
Enrichment cultures have markedly increased isolation
rates for Clostridium difficile but the significance of
these isolates needs to be carefully evaluated. Until
simpler and more reliable tests are available in
clinical laboratories for the detection of toxins, the
isolation of Clostridium difficile from patients with
diarrhoeal disease should be considered paramount.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 89030704
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Bacterial Toxins|*AN; Clostridium|*IP; Cytotoxins|*AN;
Diarrhea|*DI; Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous|*DI
- MeSH Heading
- Culture Media; Human
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0934-9723
- Country of Publication
- GERMANY, WEST
Record 13 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Evaluation of heat-sensitive, neutrophil-toxic, and
hemolytic activity of Haemophilus (Actinobacillus)
pleuropneumoniae.
- Author
- Rosendal S; Devenish J; MacInnes JI; Lumsden JH;
Watson S; Xun H
- Address
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology,
Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph,
Ontario, Canada.
- Source
- Am J Vet Res, 1988 Jul, 49:7, 1053-8
- Abstract
- Cytotoxic and hemolytic activity of Haemophilus (Actinobacillus)
pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 strain CM5 was investigated
because of the potential role as a virulence
determinant. Viable bacteria were toxic for porcine and
bovine neutrophils, whereas bacteria killed by heat
treatment at 60 C for 1 hour were not. Similarly,
bacteria-free culture supernatant was cytotoxic and
hemolytic in assays that used porcine neutrophils and
erythrocytes, whereas supernatant treated at 60 C for 1
hour had no activity. Erythrocytes from various species
were susceptible to the hemolytic activity of
bacteria-free culture supernatant, with ovine and bovine
erythrocytes being most sensitive. The neutrophil-toxic
and hemolytic activity of bacteria-free culture
supernatant was inhibited by cholesterol and oxygen and
abolished after trypsin digestion. The neutrophil-toxic
and hemolytic activity was preserved during storage at
or less than 4 C, but was lost rapidly at 56 C or 80 C.
Neutralizing antibodies were demonstrated in serum of
pigs and rabbits immunized with 10-fold concentrated
culture supernatant of strain CM5 and in field pigs that
had recovered from natural infection with H
pleuropneumoniae serotype 1. Bacteria-free culture
supernatants of 18 strains, including H pleuropneumoniae
serotypes 1 through 10, Actinobacillus suis, and
Haemophilus taxon minor group, were tested for
heat-sensitive, neutrophil-toxic, and hemolytic
activity. Fifteen strains were neutrophil toxic, but
only 10 of these were hemolytic. Haemophilus
pleuropneumoniae, serotype 1, strain VLS557; serotype 5,
strain K17; and Haemophilus taxon minor group strain
33PN were neither cytotoxic nor hemolytic.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 88339056
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Bacterial Toxins|IM/*TO; Haemophilus|IP/*PY; Hemolysis|*;
Neutrophils|*CY/EN
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Antibodies, Bacterial|AN; Cattle; Cell
Survival; Erythrocytes|AN; Haemophilus Infections|IM/VE;
Half-Life; Human; Lactate Dehydrogenase|ME; Support,
Non-U.S. Gov't; Swine; Swine Diseases|IM
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0002-9645
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 14 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Vero cytotoxin-producing strains of Escherichia coli
in children with haemolytic uraemic syndrome and
diarrhoea in Czechoslovakia.
- Author
- Srámková L; Bielaszewská M; Janda J; Bláhova K;
Hausner O
- Address
-
- Source
- Infection, 1990 Jul, 18:4, 204-9
- Abstract
- The presence of verotoxin-producing strains of
Escherichia coli (VTEC) was examined in six children
with haemolytic uraemic syndrome and one child with
haemorrhagic colitis. Stools were screened for strains
of serogroup O157 on sorbitol-MacConkey agar for VTEC of
other serogroups by serotyping. Verotoxin (VT) was
tested on Vero cell monolayers: the antigenic variant of
VT was assessed by neutralization experiments. Strains
producing verotoxin 1 or verotoxin 2 or both were
detected in the stools of all seven children. Three
strains belonged to serogroup O157 (two of them to
serotype O157:H7, one was non-motile) and another five
belonged to serogroups O26 (two strains), O1, O5 and
O18. The faeces of five children available for testing
contained free VT. Production of VT was also examined
retrospectively in 32 E. coli strains of serotype
O26:H11 isolated from children with diarrhoea; eight
(25%) of them produced moderate to high levels of
verotoxin 1 despite several years storage in vitro. In
conclusion, VTEC including strains of serogroup O157
seem to be an important cause of haemolytic uraemic
syndrome, haemorrhagic colitis and diarrhoea in children
in Czechoslovakia.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 91007933
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Bacterial Toxins|AN/*BI; Diarrhea|EP/IM/*MI;
Escherichia coli Infections|EP/IM/*MI; Hemolytic-Uremic
Syndrome|EP/IM/*MI
- MeSH Heading
- Czechoslovakia|EP; Escherichia coli|CL; Feces|MI;
Female; Human; Incidence; Infant; Male; Serotyping
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0300-8126
- Country of Publication
- GERMANY
Record 15 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Production of enterotoxin and cytotoxin in
Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated in Costa Rica.
- Author
- Florin I; Antillon F
- Address
- Department of Bacteriology, Karolinska Institute,
Stockholm, Sweden.
- Source
- J Med Microbiol, 1992 Jul, 37:1, 22-9
- Abstract
- The production of toxins by 79 strains of
Campylobacter jejuni isolated in Costa Rica from
children with campylobacter-induced diarrhoea (44
strains) and from chickens (35 strains) was studied. An
enterotoxic effect giving a rounding of mouse
adrenocortical tumour (Y1) cells, which could be
neutralised with antitoxin against Escherichia coli
heat-labile enterotoxin, was detected in supernates from
16 (62%) of 26 strains from children with watery
diarrhoea, in 5 (28%) of 18 strains from children with
bloody or inflammatory diarrhoea, and in 12 (34%) of the
35 strains from chickens. Cytotoxic effects in human
lung fibroblasts (MRC-5), African Green monkey kidney
(Vero) cells and human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells
were observed in none of the 26 strains from children
with watery diarrhoea, in 2 (11%) of the 18 strains from
children with bloody or inflammatory diarrhoea, and in 6
(17%) of the 35 strains from chickens. The simultaneous
production of enterotoxin and cytotoxin was detected in
four strains. The cytotoxic effect, which was most
prominent in cells freshly seeded at a low density,
appeared as a lethal rounding of the cells. Fibroblasts
were more sensitive than epithelial cells. The effects
of the supernates were inactivated by heating at 100
degrees C for 10 min and decreased after 1 week at 4
degrees C. The production of toxins was lost after
storage of the strains for one year at -70 degrees C.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 92326152
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Campylobacter jejuni|*ME; Campylobacter
Infections|*MI/VE; Cytotoxins|*BI; Diarrhea,
Infantile|*MI; Enterotoxins|*BI
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Bacterial Toxins|BI; Cell Line; Chickens;
Costa Rica; Epithelium|MI; Fibroblasts|MI; Hela Cells;
Human; Infant; Poultry Diseases|MI; Support, Non-U.S.
Gov't; Vero Cells
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0022-2615
- Country of Publication
- ENGLAND
Record 16 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Role of membranes in disease.
- Author
- Goldberg DM; Riordan JR
- Address
-
- Source
- Clin Physiol Biochem, 1986, 4:5, 305-36
- Abstract
- The membranes of mammalian cells are composed of an
ordered array of lipids and proteins, the latter
containing carbohydrate residues directed towards the
exterior and important in the interaction of cells with
each other and with external proteins. This external
(plasma) membrane and other more simple membranes within
the cell are damaged in all diseases which compromise
the integrity of the cell. However, in many cases,
chemical or functional changes in these membranes are
central to the pathogenesis of the disease. These
processes are illustrated, and a classification of
membrane-related diseases is proposed. This includes:
receptor-related diseases such as type II familial
hypercholesterolaemia, Grave's disease, some lysosomal
storage diseases and some forms of diabetes and obesity;
structural instability as manifested by red cell
abnormalities and multiple sclerosis; changes in lipid
state as in muscular dystrophy and multiple sclerosis;
altered permeability or transport as in cystic fibrosis,
diseases associated with specific transport defects, and
the action of many bacterial toxins, and abnormality of
the cytoskeleton-membrane interface as in Chediak-Higashi
disease and some diseases associated with red cell
abnormalities. Different mechanisms can contribute to
the membrane disorder in a single disease state and many
of these are described to illustrate this diversity.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 87052501
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Cell Membrane|DE/ME/*PH; Disease|*PP
- MeSH Heading
- Bacterial Toxins|PD; Chediak-Higashi Syndrome|PP;
Cystic Fibrosis|PP; Erythrocytes, Abnormal|PH; Human;
Kidney Diseases|PP; Multiple Sclerosis|PP; Muscular
Dystrophies|PP; Neoplasms|PP; Paralysis|PP; Periodicity;
Receptors, Cell Surface|PH
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
- ISSN
- 0252-1164
- Country of Publication
- SWITZERLAND
Record 17 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Food-associated intoxicants.
- Author
- Hall JL; Collins LA; Barrowman G; Barrowman J
- Address
- Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University of
Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada.
- Source
- Prog Food Nutr Sci, 1988, 12:1, 1-43
- Abstract
- The association of toxic substances with human foods
has long been recognized. While intrinsic compounds
appear during storage as a result of spoilage by
chemical processes or by contamination with
micro-organisms. In the numerous stages of food
production from source to table there are many
opportunities for contamination. This article reviews
the wide spectrum of food-associated toxicants,
outlining the mechanisms by which these substances reach
the food products. To illustrate the diversity of these
mechanisms, some notable examples of mass contamination
of food are quoted. The presence of toxic substances in
human food is, and will continue to be, a challenge for
toxicologists, and a source of concern for the public,
for industry, and for the scientific community.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 88290067
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Food Contamination|*; Food Poisoning|*; Toxins|*
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Food Additives|AE; Food Contamination,
Radioactive; Food Microbiology; Food Preservation;
Food-Processing Industry; Human; Milk|AN; Milk, Human|AN;
Sweetening Agents|AE
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0306-0632
- Country of Publication
- ENGLAND
Record 18 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Identification of and partial characterization of
platelet vitronectin: evidence for complex formation
with platelet-derived plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.
- Author
- Preissner KT; Holzhüter S; Justus C; Müller Berghaus
G
- Address
- Clinical Research Unit for Blood Coagulation and
Thrombosis of the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Justus-Liebig-UniversitÂat,
Giessen, FRG.
- Source
- Blood, 1989 Nov, 74:6, 1989-96
- Abstract
- Vitronectin (VN; = complement S-protein), a plasma
glycoprotein that is also associated with extracellular
sites, was identified in washed human platelets
contaminated with less than 0.05% of plasma VN. A
specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for
VN has been developed and was used to detect and to
quantitate VN in detergent extracts of washed platelets
with 8.1 +/- 4.6 micrograms/10(9) platelets (n = 10),
representing about 0.8% of the plasma VN pool. Platelet
and plasma VN were similar by immunochemical criteria
using Western-blot analysis, although platelet VN was
mainly found as partially proteolyzed polypeptide. Total
release of platelet VN occurred at optimal doses of Ca-ionophore
23187 or thrombin, whereas no VN was released by
platelet treatment with digitonin or Staphylococcus
alpha-toxin. During stimulation of washed platelets with
various concentrations of thrombin, the nearly
concomitant release of VN and plasminogen activator
inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) together with platelet factor 4
indicated the association of VN with inner-platelet
storage granules. Furthermore, platelet VN and PAI-1 in
Ca-ionophore releasates comigrated during
ultracentrifugation in high mol wt fractions of sucrose
density gradients, indicating a possible association of
both components. Complex formation of platelet VN and
PAI-1 was verified by a sensitive enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and accounts at least in
part for a high molecular form of platelet VN. The
identification of platelet VN and its binding to
platelet PAI-1 raises the possibility that VN, in
contrast to other adhesive proteins, may participate in
localized regulatory functions of blood coagulation and
fibrinolysis in platelet-matrix interactions and the
protection of the matrix against proteolysis.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 90028722
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Blood Platelets|*ME; Glycoproteins|*BL/ME; Plasminogen
Inactivators|*ME; Platelet Activation|*
- MeSH Heading
- Bacterial Toxins|PD; Blotting, Western; Calcimycin|PD;
Cell Adhesion; Digitonin|PD; Human; In Vitro;
Macromolecular Systems; Molecular Weight; Platelet
Factor 4|PD; Thrombin|PD
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0006-4971
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 19 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Arachidonic acid-induced mobilization of calcium in
human neutrophils: evidence for a multicomponent
mechanism of action.
- Author
- Naccache PH; McColl SR; Caon AC; Borgeat P
- Address
- UnitÆe de Recherche Inflammation et
Immunologie-Rhumatologie, Centre Hospitalier de
l'UniversitÆe Laval, Ste Foy, QuÆebec, Canada.
- Source
- Br J Pharmacol, 1989 Jun, 97:2, 461-8
- Abstract
- 1. The mechanism(s) involved in the mobilization of
calcium induced by arachidonic acid in human neutrophils
was investigated. 2. The addition of arachidonic acid to
a suspension of human neutrophils led to a time- and
concentration-dependent mobilization of calcium which
was the result of two separate and experimentally
differentiable processes. The latter consisted of a
rapid and transient phase followed by a slower and more
sustained response. 3. The initial phase of calcium
mobilization elicited by arachidonic acid was decreased
in the presence of EGTA, inhibited by pertussis toxin as
well as by nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), and
diminished following a pre-incubation with leukotriene
B4, but not platelet-activating factor. 4. The
characteristics of the first phase of the mobilization
of calcium were consistent with an interaction of the
fatty acid with the leukotriene B4 receptors, either
directly or indirectly following the synthesis of
leukotriene B4, as well as with a release of internal
calcium. 5. The second, slower and more sustained phase
of calcium mobilization was more apparent at high
concentrations (greater than or equal to 8-16 microM) of
arachidonic acid, and was relatively insensitive to
pertussis toxin, EGTA or NDGA. 6. The characteristics of
the 'slow' phase of calcium mobilization by arachidonic
acid are consistent with its being associated primarily
with a release of calcium from internal storage pools.
7. The data presented indicate that the mechanism of
mobilization of calcium by arachidonic acid in human
neutrophils is complex and involves specific activation
pathways employed, in part at least, by other neutrophil
agonists.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 89336264
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Arachidonic Acids|*PD; Calcium|*ME; Neutrophils|DE/*ME
- MeSH Heading
- Cholera Toxin|PD; Egtazic Acid|PD; Human; In Vitro;
Leukotriene B4|PD; Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid|PD;
Pertussis Toxins|PD; Platelet Activating Factor|ME;
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0007-1188
- Country of Publication
- ENGLAND
Record 20 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Characterization of phagocyte P2 nucleotide receptors
expressed in Xenopus oocytes.
- Author
- Murphy PM; Tiffany HL
- Address
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
- Source
- J Biol Chem, 1990 Jul, 265:20, 11615-21
- Abstract
- Stimulation of phagocytic cells with micromolar
concentrations of extracellular ATP primes the
production of toxic oxygen metabolites in response to
chemoattractants and independently activates a secretory
response in vitro. It is hypothesized that extracellular
ATP derived from platelet storage granules and damaged
endothelium at sites of localized tissue damage or
infection may potentiate the pro-inflammatory effects of
phagocytic cells in vivo. ATP-dependent functional
responses in the phagocyte appear to be due to
stimulation of putative P2 purinoreceptors that are
coupled to the activation of a phospholipase C via a
pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein. The existence in
nature of at least four subtypes of P2 purinoreceptors
has been proposed based on the rank order of potency of
nucleotide analogs of ATP studied in a variety of cell
types. However, no studies involving the structural
identification and characterization of the putative
receptors have been reported. We have used the Xenopus
oocyte expression system to demonstrate acquired
adenosine 5'-(thio) triphosphate (ATP gamma S)
responsiveness in oocytes injected with mRNA from the
promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL60 by measuring the
accelerated efflux of intracellular calcium. Two peaks
of ATP gamma S responsiveness (Peak I and Peak II) were
detected in sucrose gradient fractionated RNA that
corresponded to transcript sizes of 4 and 6 kilobases
and that were distinct from a third peak previously
shown to be enriched in formyl peptide chemoattractant
receptor activity. Peak I and Peak II RNA endowed
receptor activity in the oocyte that was
pharmacologically indistinguishable: ADP and AMP were
inactive whereas UTP and ITP exhibited activity that was
similar in potency to that of ATP gamma S. Both Peak I
and Peak II ATP gamma S-dependent activity was inhibited
by pertussis toxin. These data strongly support the
concept of phagocytic cell receptors for extracellular
nucleotide triphosphates whose ligand specificity is
distinct from all other previously described P2
purinoreceptor subtypes, with the exception of the P2
receptor described in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, by
virtue of the ineffectiveness of ADP as a stimulus.
These receptors are most likely composed of a single
polypeptide chain that can be expressed in the Xenopus
oocyte in a functional form regulated by a pertussis
toxin-sensitive G-protein.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 90307676
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Oocytes|DE/*ME; Phagocytes|*ME; Receptors,
Purinergic|DE/GE/*ME
- MeSH Heading
- Adenosine Triphosphate|AA/PD; Animal; Calcium|ME; Cell
Line; Female; Human; Kinetics; Microinjections;
Pertussis Toxins|PD; Poly A|GE/IP; Ribonucleotides|PD;
RNA|GE/IP; RNA, Messenger|AD/GE; Xenopus laevis
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0021-9258
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 21 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Sorting of phaseolin to the vacuole is saturable and
requires a short C-terminal peptide.
- Author
- Frigerio L; de Virgilio M; Prada A; Faoro F; Vitale A
- Address
- Istituto Biosintesi Vegetali, Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche, via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy.
- Source
- Plant Cell, 1998 Jun, 10:6, 1031-42
- Abstract
- Phaseolin, one of the major legume proteins for human
nutrition, is a trimeric glycoprotein of the 7S class
that accumulates in the protein storage vacuoles of
common bean. Phaseolin is cotranslationally introduced
into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum; from there,
it is transported through the Golgi complex to the
storage vacuoles. Phaseolin is also transported to the
vacuole in vegetative tissues of transgenic plants. By
transient and permanent expression in tobacco leaf
cells, we show here that vacuolar sorting of phaseolin
is saturable and that saturation leads to Golgi-mediated
secretion from the cell. A mutated phaseolin, in which
the four C-terminal residues (Ala, Phe, Val, and Tyr)
were deleted, efficiently formed trimers but was
secreted entirely outside of the cells in transgenic
tobacco leaves, indicating that the deleted sequence
contains information necessary for interactions with the
saturable vacuolar sorting machinery. In the apoplast,
the secreted phaseolin remained intact; this is similar
to what occurs to wild-type phaseolin in bean storage
vacuoles, whereas in vegetative vacuoles of transgenic
plants, the storage protein is fragmented.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 98299843
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Benzopyrans|CH/*ME; Legumes|*PH
- MeSH Heading
- Amino Acid Sequence; Comparative Study; Golgi
Apparatus|PH; Human; Molecular Sequence Data;
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; Nutrition; Plant Leaves|ME/UL;
Plants, Transgenic; Protoplasts|PH; Recombinant
Proteins|BI/CH/ME; Sequence Alignment; Support, Non-U.S.
Gov't; Tobacco|ME; Toxins|ME; Vacuoles|ME/UL
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 1040-4651
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 22 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Change of intracellular calcium of neural cells
induced by extracellular ATP.
- Author
- Hirano Y; Okajima F; Tomura H; Majid MA; Takeuchi T;
Kondo Y
- Address
- Institute of Endocrinology, Gunma University,
Maebashi, Japan.
- Source
- FEBS Lett, 1991 Jun, 284:2, 235-7
- Abstract
- Exposure of various neural cells to ATP increased
intracellular Ca2+ and the production of inositol
trisphosphate. The Ca2+ responses were also observed in
the absence of extracellular Ca2+, suggesting that a
part of Ca2+ mobilization took place from cytosolic
storage. Since adenosine had no effect on intracellular
Ca2+ increment, ATP appears to act through a
P2-purinergic receptor. Islet-activating protein or
pertussis toxin pretreatment hardly influenced the
increase in intracellular Ca2+ and inositol
trisphosphate production induced by ATP, suggesting that
IAP-sensitive GTP-binding proteins do not play a
practical role in this reaction.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 91285141
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Adenosine Triphosphate|*PD; Adrenal Gland Neoplasms|*ME;
Calcium|*ME; Glioma|*ME; Neuroblastoma|*ME;
Pheochromocytoma|*ME
- MeSH Heading
- Adenosine|PD; Animal; Enzyme Activation; Human;
Inositol Phosphates|BI; Mice; Pertussis Toxins|PD;
Phospholipase C|ME; Rats; Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0014-5793
- Country of Publication
- NETHERLANDS
Record 23 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Scombroid poisoning: mini-review with case histories.
- Author
- Russell FE; Maretic Z
- Address
-
- Source
- Toxicon, 1986, 24:10, 967-73
- Abstract
- Scombroid poisoning has become an almost world-wide
medical problem. It is probably the most common cause of
fish poisoning, although frequently misdiagnosed as
"Salmonella infection'. While there remains some
question as to the definitive etiology, there is little
doubt that the poisoning is caused by the ingestion of
certain mackerel-like fishes whose tissues have
undergone a number of changes provoked by bacteria, and
involving the conversion of histidine to histamine,
potentiated by diamines. Improper storage of the fishes,
usually at temperatures above 20 degrees C, appears to
be the most important predisposing factor. The organisms
most commonly involved are Proteus sp., Clostridium sp.,
Escherichia sp., Salmonella sp. and Shigella sp.
Twenty-five cases of scombroid poisoning are presented.
The clinical manifestations were very similar in most
cases, consisting of: alterations in taste; anxiety;
hyperemia, particularly of the face and neck; nausea;
pruritis; headache; certain other symptoms and signs.
Most patients responded to antihistamitics, and all
cases were self-limiting.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 87150062
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Fishes|*/MI; Food Poisoning|*; Marine Toxins|*PO
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Case Report; Child; Enterobacteriaceae|IP;
Human; Male
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0041-0101
- Country of Publication
- ENGLAND
Record 24 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Mechanism of human platelet activation by endotoxic
glycolipid-bearing mutant Re595 of Salmonella minnesota.
- Author
- Timmons S; Huzoor Akbar; Grabarek J; Kloczewiak M;
Hawiger J
- Address
-
- Source
- Blood, 1986 Nov, 68:5, 1015-23
- Abstract
- The mechanism through which human blood platelets
interact with gram-negative bacteria with well-defined
structural variations in endotoxic lipopolysaccharide
was studied. Secretion of 14C-serotonin and aggregation
of platelets separated from plasma proteins were
observed on challenge with rough mutant Re595 of
Salmonella minnesota possessing a glycolipid outer layer
composed of Lipid A and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (KDO) but
lacking heptose phosphate in the core and
O-polysaccharide in its outer portion. Both
14C-serotonin secretion and platelet aggregation were
concentration-dependent, with a half-maximum response at
the ratio of one bacterial colony-forming unit (CFU) to
two platelets. The aggregation of human platelets
induced by mutant Re595 was divalent cation-dependent
and required secretion of ADP and fibrinogen from
platelet storage granules because it was inhibited by
chelators, by the ADP-splitting enzyme apyrase, and by
monospecific antifibrinogen Fab fragments. The synthetic
peptide analog of the platelet receptor recognition site
on the gamma chain of fibrinogen, gamma 400-411,
inhibited platelet aggregation induced by mutant Re595
(IC50 160 mumol/L), whereas serotonin secretion was
unaffected. Tetrapeptide, RGDS, analogous to human
fibrinogen alpha chain (alpha 572-575) and to the cell
adhesion site of fibronectin, also inhibited aggregation
induced by mutant Re595 (IC50 60 mumol/L). Secretion of
14C-serotonin was preceded by a very rapid
phosphorylation of a platelet protein of mol wt 47,000,
which is associated with protein kinase C activation.
Myosin light chain (mol wt 20,000) was also
phosphorylated. Both phosphoproteins were
dephosphorylated while secretion was reaching maximum.
Furthermore, release of 3H-arachidonic acid from
platelet phospholipids and generation of thromboxane B2
via the cyclooxygenase pathway were observed. Inhibition
of this pathway with acetylsalicylic acid (10(-4) mol/L)
or indomethacin (5 X 10(-4) mol/L) reduced 14C-serotonin
secretion and platelet aggregation. The role of Lipid A
in the interaction of mutant Re595 with human platelets
was deduced from the inhibitory effect of the Lipid
A-binding protein present in Limulus amebocyte lysate.
Likewise, polymyxin B, known to complex with Lipid A,
was inhibitory. The reactivity of mutant Re595 toward
platelets was attenuated by mild acid hydrolysis, during
which KDO was dissociated from the glycolipid, and by
alkaline hydrolysis, which breaks ester-linked fatty
acids in Lipid A. In contrast to mutant Re595, strain
S218 of S minnesota bearing "complete"
endotoxic lipopolysaccharide did not induce secretion
and aggregation of human platelets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
AT 400 WORDS)
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 87026959
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Bacterial Toxins|*TO; Blood Platelets|*DE; Endotoxins|*TO;
Lipopolysaccharides|*TO; Salmonella|GE/*PY
- MeSH Heading
- Adenosine Diphosphate|BL; Apyrase|ME; Cations,
Divalent; Fibrinogen|PH; Glycolipids|TO; Human; Lipid
A|AI; Mutation; Oligosaccharides|PD; Phosphoproteins|BL;
Phosphorylation; Platelet Aggregation|DE;
Prostaglandins|BL; Serotonin|SE; Structure-Activity
Relationship; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0006-4971
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 25 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Does actin polymerization status modulate Ca2+ storage
in human neutrophils? Release and coalescence of Ca2+
stores by cytochalasins.
- Author
- Al Mohanna FA; Pettit EJ; Hallett MB
- Address
- Biological and Medical Research Department, King
Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia.
- Source
- Exp Cell Res, 1997 Aug, 234:2, 379-87
- Abstract
- The aim of this paper was to establish whether actin
polymerization modulated cytosolic Ca2+ storage in human
neutrophils. Over the concentration ranges which inhibit
actin polymerization, cytochalasins A, B, and D
liberated Ca2+ from membrane-bound stores within
neutrophils. Two Ca2+ storage sites were identified in
neutrophils by the accumulation of the Ca2+ binding
probe, chlortetracycline: one at the center of the cell
and the other at the cell periphery. Confocal imaging
demonstrated that cytochalasins released Ca2+ from the
neutrophil periphery, but not from the central Ca2+
store. Ca2+ store release was coupled to Ca2+ influx,
suggesting that the peripheral site may be a
physiological store containing a Ca2+ influx factor.
3,3'-Dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide staining organelles,
which correlate with Ca2+ release sites, coalesced in
neutrophils after treatment with cytochalasins. We
propose that peripheral Ca2+ storage sites are
restricted from coalescence by cortical polymerized
actin and that Ca2+ store coalescence and Ca2+ release
are coupled events.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 97405864
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Actins|DE/*ME; Calcium|*ME; Cytochalasins|*PD;
Neutrophils|*ME
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Botulinum Toxins|PD; Carbocyanines; Chelating
Agents|PD; Chlortetracycline|PD; Cytosol|ME; Fluorescent
Dyes; Human; Intracellular Membranes|ME; Ionomycin|PD;
Ionophores|PD; N-Formylmethionine
Leucyl-Phenylalanine|PD; NAD+ ADP-Ribosyltransferase;
Polymers; Rats; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0014-4827
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 26 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Action on mitochondrial calcium metabolism of an
ionophorous compound isolated from uremic plasma or
normal urine.
- Author
- Fournier N; Gallice P; Crevat A; Murisasco A; Ducet G;
Elsen R
- Address
-
- Source
- Artif Organs, 1985 Feb, 9:1, 22-7
- Abstract
- An ionophorous compound that is one of the uremic
middle molecules is able to inhibit the mitochondrial
storage of calcium. Its active concentration is
equivalent to that found in uremic plasma. This result
can explain the diminution of phosphate calcium granules
observed in mitochondria from uremic children. Moreover,
this phenomenon may be involved in the calcium pool
decrease observed in chronic renal insufficiency.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 85198471
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Calcium|*ME; Mitochondria, Liver|DE/*ME; Toxins|*PD
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Human; In Vitro; Rats
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0160-564X
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 27 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Effect of low-dose irradiation on growth of and toxin
production by Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus
in roast beef and gravy.
- Author
- Grant IR; Nixon CR; Patterson MF
- Address
- Department of Food Microbiology, Queen's University of
Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
- Source
- Int J Food Microbiol, 1993 Mar, 18:1, 25-36
- Abstract
- The effect of irradiation (2 kGy) on growth of and
toxin production by Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus
cereus in roast beef and gravy during storage at abuse
temperatures (15 and 22 degrees C) was assessed by
inoculation studies. Irradiation resulted in a 3-4 log10
reduction in numbers of both pathogens. Whenever B.
cereus and S. aureus numbers reached 10(6) and 10(7) cfu/g,
respectively, during storage their toxins were
detectable. As the time taken to attain these levels was
longer in irradiated than in unirradiated samples, toxin
production by both pathogens was delayed by irradiation.
When samples initially containing low levels (10(2)/g)
of S. aureus were irradiated no toxin was produced
during subsequent storage at 15 or 22 degrees C.
Diarrhoeal toxin produced by B. cereus was detected
after 2 days at 22 degrees C, but not at 15 degrees C,
in samples containing 10(2) cells/g prior to
irradiation. When higher numbers (10(6)/g) of either
pathogen were present prior to irradiation, toxins were
produced by both pathogens at 22 degrees C, but not at
15 degrees C. Microbial competition had an effect on the
growth of B. cereus and S. aureus after irradiation when
a low initial inoculum was applied. However, when a
higher inoculum was used the pathogens outnumbered their
competitors and competition effects were less important.
It was concluded that low-dose irradiation would improve
the microbiological safety of roast beef and gravy.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 93222019
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Bacillus cereus|GD/ME/*RE; Food Irradiation|*; Food
Microbiology|*; Meat|*MI/*RE; Staphylococcus aureus|GD/ME/*RE
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Bacterial Toxins|BI; Cattle; Food Poisoning|PC;
Human; Radiation Dosage; Safety; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0168-1605
- Country of Publication
- NETHERLANDS
Record 28 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Evidence that syntaxin 1A is involved in storage in
the secretory pathway.
- Author
- Bittner MA; Bennett MK; Holz RW
- Address
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan
Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109, USA. mbittner@umich.edu
- Source
- J Biol Chem, 1996 May, 271:19, 11214-21
- Abstract
- Syntaxin 1A is a nervous system-specific protein
thought to function during the late steps of the
regulated secretory pathway by mediating the docking of
secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane. We have
examined the effects of transiently overexpressing
syntaxin 1A on protein secretion in constitutively
secreting cell lines that do not normally express the
protein. Syntaxin 1A showed the constitutive release of
marker proteins human growth hormone (hGH) and vesicular
stomatitis virus glycoprotein from COS-1 cells,
increasing the intracellular half-life of human growth
hormone from 90 min to 18 h. A similar effect was
observed in HEK 293 cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy
revealed that these secretory proteins were concentrated
in the periphery of the cell. The effect was specific
for the full-length neuronal protein. Neither a syntaxin
1A variant which lacks a membrane attachment domain nor
syntaxin 2 caused the cells to retain human growth
hormone. The effect of syntaxin 1A was partially
reversed by incubating the cells with botulinum type C1
neurotoxin, which specifically cleaves syntaxin 1A.
Release of human growth hormone from syntaxin
1A-expressing cells was maintained during a blockade of
protein synthesis, suggesting that the hormone was being
released from a pool of stored vesicles which
accumulated before the addition of cycloheximide. The
existence of a post-Golgi storage compartment in
syntaxin 1A-expressing cells was confirmed using
brefeldin A to collapse the Golgi stacks in both HEK 293
and COS-1 cells. Brefeldin A rapidly blocked growth
hormone release in control cultures while having no
effect on release in cells expressing syntaxin 1A.
Reducing the temperature to 19 degrees C, which inhibits
transport from the trans-Golgi network, also inhibited
hGH secretion from cells without syntaxin 1A but had
little effect on hGH secretion from cells with syntaxin
1A. The present experiments indicate that syntaxin 1A
enables the storage of vesicles which would otherwise be
immediately released.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 96212186
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Antigens, Surface|BI/*PH; Cytoplasmic Granules|*PH;
Nerve Tissue Proteins|BI/*PH; Somatotropin|*BI/ME
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Botulinum Toxins|PD; Cell Line; Cell
Membrane|PH; Cercopithecus aethiops; Cycloheximide|PD;
Cyclopentanes|PD; Fluorescent Antibody Technique,
Indirect; Gene Expression|DE; Human; Kidney; Kinetics;
Metallothionein|GE; Mice; Neurotoxins|PD; Promoter
Regions (Genetics); Protein Synthesis Inhibitors|PD;
Recombinant Proteins|BI/ME; Support, U.S. Gov't,
Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Transfection;
Vesicular Stomatitis-Indiana Virus|GE
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0021-9258
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 29 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- The reaction of bacterial toxins with formaldehyde and
its use for antigen stabilization.
- Author
- Petre J; Pizza M; Nencioni L; Podda A; De Magistris
MT; Rappuoli R
- Address
- Chiron Biocine, Siena, Italy.
- Source
- Dev Biol Stand, 1996, 87:, 125-34
- Abstract
- Since the discovery of diphtheria toxin inactivation
in the early 1920s, formaldehyde has been used to
inactivate bacterial toxins and viruses used as vaccine
antigens. More recently, formaldehyde was used to
inactivate pertussis toxin (PT), a component of the
newly developed diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP)
vaccine. This application however illustrated the
complexity of the reaction. To eliminate the need for
inactivation, the mutant PT-9K/129G was developed. This
toxin analogue is irreversibly devoid of toxicity and is
a more immunogenic antigen than chemically detoxified
PT. Native antigens however proved less stable than
detoxified antigens upon storage or heating. We
investigated the use of low concentrations of
formaldehyde as a stabilizing agent for PT-9K/129G.
Under the conditions selected, its antigenic
characteristics were retained. Enhanced immunogenicity
compared to detoxified preparations was demonstrated in
clinical trials in infants where DTaP vaccines
containing formalin-stabilized PT-9K/129G were compared
to other DTaP vaccines containing detoxified wild type
PT. Additional studies with filamentous haemagglutinin
(FHA), another component of acellular pertussis
vaccines, showed how high formaldehyde concentrations
could depress the presentation of epitopes to T-cells by
limiting the antigen processing. In conclusion, mild
formaldehyde treatment can be applied to stabilize
vaccine antigens while retaining optimum antigenic
activity.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 97006716
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Antigens, Bacterial|*DE/IM; Bacterial Proteins|*DE/IM;
Bacterial Toxins|*/IM; Bacterial Vaccines|*/IM;
Formaldehyde|*PD; Toxoids|*CH/IM
- MeSH Heading
- Human; Infant; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; Pertussis
Toxins|CH/GE/IM; Pertussis Vaccine|CH/IM
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0301-5149
- Country of Publication
- SWITZERLAND
Record 30 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Conservative prediction of time to Clostridium
botulinum toxin formation for use with time-temperature
indicators to ensure the safety of foods.
- Author
- Skinner GE; Larkin JW
- Address
- National Center for Food Safety and Technology/Food
and Drug Administration, Division of Food Processing and
Packaging, Summit-Argo, Illinois 60501, USA. ges@vm.cfsan.fda.gov
- Source
- J Food Prot, 1998 Sep, 61:9, 1154-60
- Abstract
- Integrating-type time-temperature indicators (TTIs)
may be utilized to warn food processors and consumers
about storage conditions that may have rendered a food
potentially hazardous. As an example of how integrated
TTIs could be manufactured to emulate an infinite set of
time-temperature situations, a set of conditions which
have supported C. botulinum growth and toxin production
was compiled. The time-temperature curve representing
conservative times required for toxin formation was
constructed with data from literature relating to toxin
formation as a function of temperature in any media or
food product. This set of critical time-temperature data
is fit by a conservative empirical relationship that can
be used to predict combinations of incubation times and
storage temperatures that represent a potential health
risk from C. botulinum in foods. A TTI could be
constructed to indicate deviation from such a given set
of conditions to bring attention to foods that may have
been exposed to potentially hazardous temperatures with
respect to C. botulinum toxin formation.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 98439204
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Botulinum Toxins|*BI/TO; Botulism|*MI; Clostridium
botulinum|GD/IP/*ME; Seafood|*MI; Temperature|*
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Food Handling; Human; Salmon|MI; Time Factors
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0362-028X
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 31 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- A predictive model that describes the effect of
prolonged heating at 70 to 90 degrees C and subsequent
incubation at refrigeration temperatures on growth from
spores and toxigenesis by nonproteolytic Clostridium
botulinum in the presence of lysozyme.
- Author
- Fernández PS; Peck MW
- Address
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Laboratory,
Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, United
Kingdom. p.fernandez@umh.es
- Source
- Appl Environ Microbiol, 1999 Aug, 65:8, 3449-57
- Abstract
- Refrigerated processed foods of extended durability
such as cook-chill and sous-vide foods rely on a minimal
heat treatment at 70 to 95 degrees C and then storage at
a refrigeration temperature for safety and preservation.
These foods are not sterile and are intended to have an
extended shelf life, often up to 42 days. The principal
microbiological hazard in foods of this type is growth
of and toxin production by nonproteolytic Clostridium
botulinum. Lysozyme has been shown to increase the
measured heat resistance of nonproteolytic C. botulinum
spores. However, the heat treatment guidelines for
prevention of risk of botulism in these products have
not taken into consideration the effect of lysozyme,
which can be present in many foods. In order to assess
the botulism hazard, the effect of heat treatments at
70, 75, 80, 85, and 90 degrees C combined with
refrigerated storage for up to 90 days on growth from
10(6) spores of nonproteolytic C. botulinum (types B, E,
and F) in an anaerobic meat medium containing 2,400 U of
lysozyme per ml (50 microg per ml) was studied. Provided
that the storage temperature was no higher than 8
degrees C, the following heat treatments each prevented
growth and toxin production during 90 days; 70 degrees C
for >/=2,545 min, 75 degrees C for >/=463 min, 80
degrees C for >/=230 min, 85 degrees C for >/=84
min, and 90 degrees C for >/=33.5 min. A factorial
experimental design allowed development of a predictive
model that described the incubation time required before
the first sample showed growth, as a function of heating
temperature (70 to 90 degrees C), period of heat
treatment (up to 2,545 min), and incubation temperature
(5 to 25 degrees C). Predictions from the model provided
a valid description of the data used to generate the
model and agreed with observations made previously.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99357642
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Botulinum Toxins|*BI; Clostridium botulinum|DE/*PH/*PY;
Food Microbiology|*
- MeSH Heading
- Botulism|PC; Endopeptidases|ME; Food Preservation;
Heat; Human; Models, Biological; Muramidase|PD;
Refrigeration; Spores, Bacterial|DE/PH/PY; Support,
Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0099-2240
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 32 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- MDX--a medical diagnostic decision support system.
- Author
- Grams RR; Zhang D; Yue B
- Address
- College of Medicine, University of Florida,
Gainesville, 32610, USA.
- Source
- J Med Syst, 1996 Jun, 20:3, 129-40
- Abstract
- The MDX diagnostic decision support system contains a
multitude of clinical facts as reported in a variety of
medical textbooks and national medical journals. The
database was custom designed for the medical diagnostic
process and offers users the widest range of diagnostic
knowledge available from a single source in the
industry. The database consists of diseases, conditions,
chemicals, drugs, and toxins that are known to cause
medical illness. Each causal element has an associated
file for signs, symptoms and findings. This fully
referenced source of encoded clinical knowledge used in
MDX comes from the world's experts as they transmit
their experience in the written word of books and
journals.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 96392132
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Databases, Factual|*; Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted|*
- MeSH Heading
- Human; Information Storage and Retrieval; Poisoning|DI/ET;
Software Design; Toxins; Virus Diseases|DI
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0148-5598
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 33 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Type E botulism associated with vacuum-packaged
hot-smoked whitefish.
- Author
- Korkeala H; Stengel G; Hyytiä E; Vogelsang B; Bohl A;
Wihlman H; Pakkala P; Hielm S
- Address
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene,
University of Helsinki, Finland.
- Source
- Int J Food Microbiol, 1998 Aug, 43:1-2, 1-5
- Abstract
- On January 16, 1997 two Germans got botulism after
eating hot-smoked Canadian whitefish produced in
Finland. The serum sample of one of the patients
contained 6 MLD/ml of botulinum toxin. The type of toxin
was identified as E by the toxin neutralization test and
the botulinum neurotoxin type E (BoNT/E) gene was also
amplified from the serum by polymerase chain reaction (PCR),
but C. botulinum could not be isolated from the positive
serum sample. The remains of the hot-smoked whitefish
eaten by the patients contained botulinum toxin detected
by the mouse bioassay and the BoNT/E gene as determined
by PCR. C. botulinum was isolated from the fish sample
and it was confirmed to be type E by the mouse bioassay
and by PCR. Eleven other fish samples from the same lot
did not contain botulinum toxin nor any BoNT gene. The
incriminated food was processed on the 9th and 10th of
January, 1997 from frozen whitefish imported to Finland
from Canada. The pulsed-field gel electrophoretic
pattern of the isolated C. botulinum strain resembled a
reference strain of North American origin. It did not
match any C. botulinum strains isolated from the Baltic
sea-bottom or from the fish caught in the area
indicating that the fish was contaminated by C.
botulinum in Canada. The conditions resulting in toxin
production could not be identified. The safety problems
associated with vacuum-packaged hot-smoked fish seem to
be of utmost concern and the product is one of the most
important botulism food vehicles processed on an
industrial scale. Temperature monitoring and the use of
time-temperature indicators are to be recommended in
order to ensure adequate storage temperature from
processing through to consumption. Allowing the use of
nitrate and nitrite together with sufficiently high NaC1
concentration in this particular product should also be
considered.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 98432499
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Botulinum Toxins|BL/*PO; Botulism|DI/*ET/PP;
Clostridium botulinum|CH/*CL; Food Microbiology|*;
Salmonidae|*MI
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Animal; Biological Assay; Canada; Case Report;
Colony Count, Microbial; DNA, Bacterial|CH;
Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Female; Finland;
Food Packaging; Food Preservation; Food-Processing
Industry; Germany; Human; Male; Mice; Polymerase Chain
Reaction; Restriction Mapping
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0168-1605
- Country of Publication
- NETHERLANDS
Record 34 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Public health issues in aquaculture.
- Author
- Jensen GL; Greenlees KJ
- Address
- United States Department of Agriculture, Education and
Extension Service, Washington, DC 20250-2220, USA.
- Source
- Rev Sci Tech, 1997 Aug, 16:2, 641-51
- Abstract
- The authors address the public health issues
associated with the consumption of aquacultural products
using numerous examples from the United States of
America. As with other foods, public health risks exist
but these mostly involve open water environments or
products which are consumed raw or undercooked. Unlike
wild fisheries, inland aquaculture systems can minimise
public health risks by proper site evaluation and good
aquacultural practices. Responsible use of pesticides
and therapeutants can prevent violative residues to
assure product safety and wholesomeness. The
implementation of hazard analysis and critical control
point regulations will further enhance the preventive
approach to hazards control. The most challenging public
health risks arise from shellfish production in open,
surface waters, where both naturally-occurring and trace
environmental residue contaminants can bioaccumulate in
tissues and may cause disease outbreaks (and, in severe
cases, death). Water quality certification programmes
and field surveillance efforts including product
sampling, testing and monitoring can address critical
safety criteria. This paper focuses primarily on public
health risks associated with production: however, the
fact that consumer risks also occur as a result of the
processing of aquacultural products and that foodborne
diseases arise additionally from unsanitary handling or
preparation and storage at incorrect temperatures (as is
the case for food products from other animals) must also
be taken into consideration.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 98161998
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Aquaculture|LJ/*ST; Public Health|*
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Bacterial Infections|ET; Drug Residues|AE;
Fishes; Human; Legislation, Food; Marine Toxins|AE;
Metals, Heavy|AE; Parasitic Diseases|ET; Shellfish;
United States; Virus Diseases|ET; Water Pollution,
Chemical
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0253-1933
- Country of Publication
- FRANCE
Record 35 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Bacterial toxins as mucosal adjuvants.
- Author
- Freytag LC; Clements JD
- Address
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane
University Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
- Source
- Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, 1999, 236:, 215-36
- Abstract
- The use of mucosally administered killed bacteria or
viruses as vaccines has a number of attractive features
over the use of viable attenuated organisms, including
safety, cost, storage and ease of delivery.
Unfortunately, mucosally administered killed organisms
are not usually effective as vaccines. The use of
LT(R192G), a genetically detoxified derivative of LT, as
a mucosal adjuvant enables the use of killed bacteria or
viruses as vaccines by enhancing the overall humoral and
cellular host immune response to these organisms,
especially the Th1 arm of the immune response. With this
adjuvant, protective responses equivalent to those
elicited by live attenuated organisms can be achieved
with killed organisms without the potential side
effects. These findings have significant implications
for vaccine development and further support the
potential of LT(R192G) to function as a safe, effective
adjuvant for mucosally administered vaccines. There are
a number of unresolved issues regarding the use of LT
and CT mutants as mucosal adjuvants. Both active-site
and protease-site mutants of LT and CT have been
constructed and adjuvanticity reported for these
molecules in various animal models and with different
antigens. There needs to be a side-by-side comparison of
CT, LT, active-site mutants, protease-site mutants and
recombinant B subunits regarding the ability to induce
specific, targeted immunological outcomes as a function
of route of immunization and nature of the
co-administered antigen. Those side-by-side comparisons
have not been carried out and there is a substantial
body of evidence indicating that the outcomes may very
well be different. With that information, vaccine
strategies could be designed employing the optimum
adjuvant/antigen formulation and route of administration
for a variety of bacterial and viral pathogens. Also
lacking is an understanding of the underlying cellular
and intracellular signaling pathways activated by these
different molecules and an understanding of the
mechanisms of adjuvanticity at the cellular level. These
are important issues because they take us beyond the
phenomenological observations of "enhanced
immunity" to a more clear understanding of the
mechanisms of adjuvant activity.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99109240
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Adjuvants, Immunologic|*; Bacterial Toxins|*IM;
Immunity, Mucosal|*IM
- MeSH Heading
- Administration, Oral; Animal; Bacterial Vaccines|AD/IM;
Cholera Toxin|IM; Comparative Study; Enterotoxins|GE/IM;
Epithelial Cells|IM; Human; Mouth Mucosa|IM;
Salmonella|IM; Salmonella Infections, Animal|IM/PC;
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0070-217X
- Country of Publication
- GERMANY
Record 36 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Botulinum toxin therapy for blepharospasm in the
otolaryngology clinic.
- Author
- Lassen LF; Adams J
- Address
-
- Source
- ORL Head Neck Nurs, 1994 Sum, 12:3, 12-3
- Abstract
- The use of botulinum toxin (Botox, Allergan, Inc.) is
a treatment for spasmodic conditions involving many
structures in the head and neck. Proper reconstitution,
storage, preparation and administration of Botox are
important aspects of its use. This article focuses on
the actual preparation and sites of injection of Botox
as well as the authors' clinical experiences in using
it.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 96161165
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Anti-Dyskinesia Agents|*TU; Blepharospasm|*DT/NU;
Botulinum Toxins|*TU
- MeSH Heading
- Human; Injections, Intramuscular
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 1064-3842
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 37 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Characterization of the maitotoxin-induced calcium
influx pathway from human skin fibroblasts.
- Author
- Gutierrez D; Díaz de León L; Vaca L
- Address
- Instituto de FisiologÆia Celular, Universidad
Nacional AutÆonoma de MÆexico, Mexico. lvaca@ifcsun1.ifisiol.unam.mx
- Source
- Cell Calcium, 1997 Jul, 22:1, 31-8
- Abstract
- Maitotoxin (MTX), a water-soluble polyether obtained
from the marine dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus
increased intracellular calcium in a
concentration-dependent manner in fibroblasts obtained
from human skin. The effect of this toxin was both
saturable and of high affinity, showing an apparent half
activation constant of 450 fM. The toxin did not release
intracellular calcium storage compartments nor did the
release of these compartments with thapsigargin or
ionomycin affect the toxin response. The toxin effect
was reduced significantly by pre-incubating the cells
with 0.1% trypsin for 30 min, strongly suggesting that
the toxin receptor is a plasmalemmal protein. The effect
of MTX was partially inhibited by diphenoxylate.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 97376178
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Calcium|*ME; Marine Toxins|*PD; Skin|CY/DE/*ME
- MeSH Heading
- Cell Compartmentation; Cell Membrane|CH/DE/ME;
Diphenoxylate|PD; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;
Fibroblasts|DE/ME; Human; Membrane Proteins|DE/ME;
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Trypsin|PD
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0143-4160
- Country of Publication
- SCOTLAND
Record 38 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Two-photon scanning microphotolysis for
three-dimensional data storage and biological transport
measurements.
- Author
- Kubitscheck U; Tschödrich Rotter M; Wedekind P;
Peters R
- Address
- Institut fÂur Medizinische Physik und Biophysik,
WestfÂalische Wilhelms-UniversitÂat, MÂunster,
Germany.
- Source
- J Microsc, 1996 Jun, 182 ( Pt 3):, 225-33
- Abstract
- Scanning microphotolysis is a method that permits the
user to select, within the scanning field of a confocal
microscope, areas of arbitrary geometry for
photobleaching or photoactivation. Two-photon
absorption, by contrast, confers on laser scanning
microscopy a true spatial selectivity by restricting
excitation to very small focal volumes. In the present
study the two methods were combined by complementing a
laser scanning microscope with both a fast programmable
optical switch and a titan sapphire laser. The
efficiency and accuracy of fluorescence photobleaching
induced by two-photon absorption were determined using
fluorescein-containing polyacrylamide gels. At optimal
conditions a single scan was sufficient to reduce the
gel fluorescence by approximately 40%. Under these
conditions the spatial accuracy of photobleaching was
0.5 +/- 0.1 micron in the lateral (x.y) and 3.5 +/- 0.5
micron in the axial (z) direction, without deconvolution
accounting for the optical resolution. Deconvolution
improved the accuracy values by approximately 30%. The
method was applied to write complex three-dimensional
patterns into thick gels by successively scanning many
closely spaced layers, each according to an individual
image mask. Membrane transport was studied in a model
tissue consisting of human erythrocyte ghosts carrying
large transmembrane pores and packed into
three-dimensional arrays. Upon equilibration with a
fluorescent transport substrate single ghosts could be
selectively photobleached and the influx of fresh
transport substrate be monitored. The results suggest
that two-photon scanning microphotolysis provides new
possibilities for the optical analysis and manipulation
of both technical and biological microsystems.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 96388944
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Biological Transport|*; Erythrocyte Membrane|*ME;
Microscopy, Confocal|IS/*MT; Photolysis|*
- MeSH Heading
- Bacterial Toxins; Fluoresceins|ME; Fluorescent Dyes|ME;
Human; Ion Channels; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0022-2720
- Country of Publication
- ENGLAND
Record 39 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Hazard of lead exposure in the home from recycled
automobile storage batteries.
- Author
- Dolcourt JL; Finch C; Coleman GD; Klimas AJ; Milar CR
- Address
-
- Source
- Pediatrics, 1981 Aug, 68:2, 225-30
- Abstract
- Two families from rural areas of North Carolina had
excessive lead exposure which resulted from either
recycling exhausted automobile storage batteries in the
home or burning the discarded battery casings for home
heating. One child developed encephalopathy resulting in
permanent brain damage. Decontamination efforts reduced
the quantity of lead in the home environment by greater
than 50%. Rural children, previously considered to be at
low risk, may in fact receive profound exposures which
may go unrecognized until encephalopathy occurs.
Occupational histories should be obtained from parents
in order to detect children at risk from environmental
toxins brought into the home on workmen's bodies and
clothing.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 81272054
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Lead Poisoning|*ET
- MeSH Heading
- Automobiles; Case Report; Child, Preschool;
Environmental Exposure; Female; Human; Male; Middle Age;
Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0031-4005
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 40 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- A model of chronic neurotoxicity: long-term retention
of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)
within catecholaminergic neurons.
- Author
- Johannessen JN
- Address
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and
Drug Administration, Washington, DC 20204.
- Source
- Neurotoxicology, 1991 Sum, 12:2, 285-302
- Abstract
- The mechanism by which
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)
produces lesions in the nigrostriatal dopamine system
has been extensively studied. MPTP, a lipophilic
molecule, enters the brain rapidly where it is converted
to the pyridinium metabolite 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
(MPP+), by a two-step reaction that requires the enzyme
monoamine oxidase. Following this conversion, which
occurs primarily in astrocytes, MPP+ is sequestered
within monoaminergic neurons by the energy-requiring
monoaminergic transporters. Inside the neuron, MPP+ is
thought to act as a mitochondrial toxin, slowly sapping
the neuron of its energy-producing potential by blocking
the action of NADH dehydrogenase. Much attention has
been focused on cell death after MPTP administration,
but little attention has been paid to the effects of
small subtoxic doses of MPTP (i.e., doses that do not
produce overt neuropathologic changes), which might
occur during environmental exposure to a nigrostriatal
toxin. Low doses of MPTP (as little as 1/25th of a toxic
dose) produce long-term (greater than 6 weeks) but
reversible changes in catecholamine metabolism. These
changes are characterized by a decrease in the products
of enzymatic oxidative deamination without a concomitant
decrease in the amine concentrations (apparent MAO
inhibition). Striatal concentrations of MPP+, which is
retained in catecholaminergic terminals for similarly
long periods, parallel the metabolic changes. Thus, the
long-term storage of the MPTP metabolite, MPP+,
correlates with altered catecholamine metabolism. The
data on the effects of MPTP have been combined into a
working model of how MPP+ exerts its effects following
subtoxic or toxic doses. The site of this long-term
neuronal storage of MPP+ after exposure to subtoxic
doses of MPTP is as yet undetermined, but several
studies suggest that monoaminergic vesicles may be the
primary site, with mitochondria contributing some
storage capacity. This vesicular site could represent a
potential brain site for the accumulation of toxins
during continual or repeated exposure to low levels of
MPTP. Induced release from this site might accelerate
the toxic interactions with cellular components such as
mitochondria.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 92066241
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Basal Ganglia Diseases|CI/*ME; Catecholamines|*PH;
Neurons|*DE/ME;
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine|PK/*TO;
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium|*ME/TO
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Corpus Striatum|ME; Human; Models,
Neurological; Time Factors
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0161-813X
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 41 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- A review of recent advances in understanding
ochratoxicosis.
- Author
- Marquardt RR; Frohlich AA
- Address
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba,
Winnipeg, Canada.
- Source
- J Anim Sci, 1992 Dec, 70:12, 3968-88
- Abstract
- Ochratoxin A (OA) is a toxin that contains an
isocoumarin moiety linked by a peptide bond to
phenylalanine. It is produced by certain Penicillium
(mainly P. verrucosum) and Aspergillus (mainly A.
alutaceus) species of storage fungi. Total amounts of OA
and other related toxins produced by these fungi are
influenced by many factors. Several forms of OA have
been discovered, some of which are highly toxic, whereas
others have lower toxicity. Ochratoxin A has been
detected in foods, feeds, animal tissues, and human
blood in both Europe and North America. It has been
implicated in the fatal human disease Balkan endemic
nephropathy, has been shown to be a powerful carcinogen
in rodents, and produces many other adverse effects in
animals. It is absorbed passively throughout the
gastrointestinal tract and in an active manner in the
kidney. It is subjected to intestinal secretion and
reabsorption via enterohepatic recycling. Binding of OA
in the blood to the albumin fraction and recycling in
the bile and kidney contributes to its long half-life in
animals. Ochratoxin A is hydrolyzed to its nontoxic
alpha form (O alpha) by microorganisms in the rumen,
cecum, and large intestine. The toxin is excreted
primarily in the urine as O alpha and to a lesser degree
as OA; smaller amounts of OA and O alpha are generally
excreted in the feces. Three distinct mechanisms of OA
toxicity have been proposed; other toxic effects of OA
seem to be secondary in nature. Several different
strategies can be employed for controlling or
neutralizing the effect of OA, including the use of
proper storage conditions, the use of specific
adsorbents to reduce absorption of OA, and the feeding
OA-contaminated feedstuffs to ruminants. Antioxidants
such as ascorbic acid have been shown to reduce the
toxic effects of OA in laying hens. In summary, OA
contamination of cereal food and feed may occur, given
appropriate conditions. Implementation of suitable
procedures may eliminate or minimize this potentially
serious problem.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 93115110
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Animals, Domestic|*; Animals, Laboratory|*; Food
Microbiology|*; Ochratoxins|PK/*PO
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Human; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, ACADEMIC
- ISSN
- 0021-8812
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 42 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Glutathione metabolism and its role in hepatotoxicity.
- Author
- DeLeve LD; Kaplowitz N
- Address
- University of Southern California, Division of
Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Los Angeles.
- Source
- Pharmacol Ther, 1991 Dec, 52:3, 287-305
- Abstract
- Glutathione (GSH) fulfills several essential
functions: Detoxification of free radicals and toxic
oxygen radicals, thiol-disulfide exchange and storage
and transfer of cysteine. GSH is present in all
mammalian cells, but may be especially important for
organs with intense exposure to exogenous toxins such as
the liver, kidney, lung and intestine. Within the cell
mitochondrial GSH is the main defense against
physiological oxidant stress generated by cellular
respiration and may be a critical target for toxic
oxygen and electrophilic metabolites. Glutathione
homeostasis is a highly complex process, which is
predominantly regulated by the liver, lung and kidney.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 92319812
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Glutathione|*/BI/ME/PH; Glutathione Transferase|*ME;
Liver|*ME/PH
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Cysteine|ME; Homeostasis; Human;
Oxidation-Reduction; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;
Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, ACADEMIC
- ISSN
- 0163-7258
- Country of Publication
- ENGLAND
Record 43 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Directly toxic effects of plant chemicals which may
occur in human and animal foods.
- Author
- Seawright AA
- Address
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology,
Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.
- Source
- Nat Toxins, 1995, 3:4, 227-32; discussion 242
- Abstract
- Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are among the most significant
plant chemicals causing disease in animals and humans.
After absorption from the gut, the compounds are
converted to electrophilic pyrroles in the liver which,
apart from causing damage to this organ, may escape to
cause injury to extraheptic tissues such as the lungs,
heart, and kidneys. A group of compounds more recently
found to be associated with neurotoxicity are various
polyhydroxyalkaloids which are able to interfere with
polysaccharide metabolism. They are able to inhibit
lysosomal monosaccharidases by virtue of their
structural resemblance to the transition state of
particular sugar molecules. The resulting lysosomal
storage diseases have pathology identical to that of the
respective congenital and heritable lysosomal storage
diseases which occur in animals and humans. Consumption
of cycad plants by cattle may cause a neurotoxicity
characterised mainly by a posterior sensory ataxia. In
recent years, cycads are considered to be a risk factor
for a spectrum of progressive neuro degenerative
diseases of humans in the Western Pacific region. The
known toxins in the plant are the methylazoxymethanol
glycosides which are hepatotoxic and carcinogenic, and
the neurotoxic non-protein amino acid beta-methylaminoalanine.
A plant carcinogen which can be of great abundance in
the nutritional environment is the illudine
norsesquiterpene glucoside ptaquiloside which is found
in bracken fern. This is the only plant carcinogen which
causes natural outbreaks of bladder and/or intestinal
cancer in livestock. Many legumes contain
phytooestrogens, notably isoflavones. Consumption of
these compounds at high levels by sheep can cause
extensive lesions of the genitalia of females and
castrated males.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 96052949
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Alkaloids|*TO; Estrogens, Non-Steroidal|*TO; Plants,
Toxic|*CH; Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids|*TO
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Cattle; Human
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 1056-9014
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 44 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Anemia of renal failure. Use of erythropoietin.
- Author
- Humphries JE
- Address
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health
Sciences Center, Charlottesville.
- Source
- Med Clin North Am, 1992 May, 76:3, 711-25
- Abstract
- Chronic renal failure is almost invariably accompanied
by symptomatic anemia. It has been demonstrated that the
primary cause of this anemia is inadequate production of
erythropoietin by the diseased kidneys. The isolation of
erythropoietin, followed by the cloning and expression
of the human erythropoietin gene, made possible clinical
trials of rHuEPO in uremic patients. rHuEPO produced
dramatic increases in the hematocrit in almost all
patients treated and also ameliorated many symptoms,
such as lethargy, dizziness, and poor appetite, that had
long been attributed to the effect of uremic toxins.
Adverse effects of treatment with rHuEPO noted in the
early clinical trials included hypertension, seizures,
arteriovenous fistula or shunt thrombosis, and
hyperkalemia. Further study of rHuEPO has shown that
many of these side effects may be no more frequent in
patients receiving rHuEPO than in other uremic patients
not receiving rHuEPO. Reduction of the rHuEPO dosage and
subcutaneous administration produce less rapid increases
in the hematocrit and may lessen the incidence and
severity of these side effects. rHuEPO therapy places
great demands on both the body's iron stores and the
capacity to rapidly transfer iron from storage sites to
the erythroid progenitor cells. Thus, almost all
patients treated with rHuEPO become iron deficient and
require oral or parenteral iron replacement. Response to
rHuEPO in uremic patients is diminished if the anemia is
complicated by iron deficiency, inflammatory disorders,
aluminum overload, or deficiency of folate or vitamin
B12. rHuEPO therapy is safe and effective in the
treatment of the anemia of chronic renal failure. The
use of rHuEPO leads to enhanced quality of life and
eliminates the need for red cell transfusions. In
addition to hemodialysis patients, predialysis patients
and those on CAPD benefit from and are candidates for
rHuEPO therapy.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 92252449
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Anemia|*DT/*ET/PP; Erythropoietin|AE/*TU; Kidney
Failure, Chronic|*CO/PP
- MeSH Heading
- Drug Administration Schedule; Human; Recombinant
Proteins|AE/TU; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0025-7125
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 45 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Risk estimation for ochratoxin A in European
countries.
- Author
- Frank HK
- Address
- Federal Research Centre for Nutrition, Ettlingen,
Germany.
- Source
- IARC Sci Publ, 1991, :115, 321-5
- Abstract
- Ochratoxin A is a mycotoxin produced by fungi
occurring frequently on cereals. Their growth, and the
associated toxin production, are closely correlated to
the degree of moisture to which they are exposed, which
itself is dependent on weather conditions at harvest and
techniques for drying and storage. Eighteen species of
fungi found in foods can produce ochratoxin A; all of
these also produce other mycotoxins. The distribution of
these mycotoxins in foods, which probably differs
according to climate, has not yet been studied. The
lowest doses of ochratoxin A that are toxic in
experimental animals are four to five times higher than
those found even in hyperendemic regions. This finding
casts doubt on the hypothesis that ochratoxin A is the
sole cause of Balkan endemic nephropathy and renal
tumours. It is therefore not possible to estimate the
risk from this mycotoxin for Europe or for individual
European countries. Data on the occurrence of both
ochratoxin A and other toxins and on the quantities
consumed should be collected systematically; these can
then be used to assess post-harvest techniques.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 92316618
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Cereals|*CH/MI; Food Contamination|*AN; Ochratoxins|AE/AN/*TO
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Animal Feed; Aspergillus|GD/IP/ME; Balkan
Nephropathy|CI; Cluster Analysis; Europe; Food
Microbiology; Food Preservation; Human; Humidity; Kidney
Diseases|CI; Kidney Neoplasms|CI; Mycotoxicosis|ET;
Mycotoxins|BI/TO; Penicillium|GD/IP/ME; Rats; Risk;
Temperature
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0300-5038
- Country of Publication
- FRANCE
Record 46 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Induction of a tumor necrosis factor-like activity by
Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton.
- Author
- Izumi S; Hirai O; Hayashi K; Konishi Y; Okuhara M;
Kohsaka M; Aoki H; Yamamura Y
- Address
-
- Source
- Cancer Res, 1987 Apr, 47:7, 1785-92
- Abstract
- Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (N-CWS) stimulated
adherent cells harvested from the peritoneal cavities of
thioglycollate-treated mice to produce cytotoxic
activity. Depletion of macrophages from the adherent
cells by 2-chloroadenosine or silica abrogated the
production of this cytotoxic activity, whereas treatment
of the adherent cells with anti-Thy-1.2 antibody and
complement did not. This suggested that macrophages were
the producer cells of the activity. Cytotoxic activity
became detectable as early as 2 h after N-CWS treatment
and reached peak activity at 9 h, then declined to a
lower level, indicating rapid onset without persistent
effects. N-CWS-induced cytotoxic factors have a fairly
narrow temperature range, pH optimum for storage, and
are sensitive to pronase and trypsin. By using column
chromatography, N-CWS-induced cytotoxic factors were
compared in detail with tumor necrosis serum obtained
from Bacillus Calmette-Guérin endotoxin-treated mice.
Both toxins were found to be nearly identical with
respect to their behavior in ion-exchange, gel
filtration, and concanavalin A affinity columns. N-CWS
also induced human peripheral blood lymphocytes to
release cytotoxic activity. Monocytes predominantly
participated in production of this activity as confirmed
by treatment with monoclonal antibody and complement.
The cytotoxic activity was completely neutralized by
anti-human tumor necrosis factor antiserum, but not by
anti-human lymphotoxin antiserum. The fact that human
peripheral blood lymphocytes release tumor necrosis-like
factors after stimulation with N-CWS might account for
the antitumor effects of this agent.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 87130764
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Glycoproteins|*BI/TO; Growth Inhibitors|*BI
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Cell Line; Cell Wall; Female; Human; Immune
Sera; Macrophage Activation; Macrophages|PH; Male; Mice;
Mice, Inbred C3H; Mice, Inbred ICR; Monocytes|CY;
Neoplasms|PA; Nocardia
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0008-5472
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 47 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Mitochondrial complex I and III mutations and
neutral-lipid storage in activated mononuclear
macrophages and neutrophils: a case presenting with
necrotizing myopathy, poikiloderma atrophicans vasculare,
and xanthogranulomatous bursitis.
- Author
- Haferkamp O; Scheuerle A; Schlenk R; Melzner I;
Pavenstädt Grupp I; Rödel G
- Address
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulm, Germany.
- Source
- Hum Pathol, 1994 Apr, 25:4, 419-23
- Abstract
- We report the case of a 57-year-old woman suffering
from xanthogranulomatous bursitis, necrotizing myopathy,
and poikiloderma atrophicans vasculare, which are
associated with marked accumulation of neutral-lipid
storage phagocytes. The observed lipid storage was
restricted to activated phagocytes independent of the
presence of tissue necrosis and was not seen either in
circulating blood leukocytes or in muscle fibers. The
patient's daughter disclosed xanthomatous inflammatory
reaction with profound delay of wound healing secondary
to pelviscopy. Examination of the mitochondrial DNAs of
the patient, her daughter, and her two grandchildren
revealed two homoplasmic mutations at positions 13708
and 15257 of the mitochondrial genome. We discuss the
involvement of these mutations in the pathogenesis of
xanthomatous and xanthogranulomatous inflammation.
Further investigations are required to test whether
impairment of aerobic energy production independent from
mitochondrial DNA mutations (eg, by hypoxia or microbial
toxins) similarly can cause the accumulation of
lipid-laden macrophages and explain the persistency of
xanthogranulomatous inflammation.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 94216004
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Granuloma|*/CO/GE/ME/PA; Mitochondrial Myopathies|*/CO/GE/ME/PA;
Mutation|*; NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone)|*GE;
Poikiloderma Congenitale|*/CO/GE/ME/PA; Ubiquinol-Cytochrome-c
Reductase|*GE; Xanthomatosis|*/CO/GE/ME/PA
- MeSH Heading
- Base Sequence; Bursitis|CO/ET; Case Report; DNA|AN;
Female; Human; Macrophages; Middle Age; Molecular
Sequence Data; Neutrophils
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0046-8177
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 48 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Storage of blood components.
- Author
- Högman CF
- Address
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion
Medicine, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Source
- Curr Opin Hematol, 1999 Nov, 6:6, 427-31
- Abstract
- Recent studies have shown that a restrictive
transfusion policy results in lower mortality in
patients undergoing surgery. The negative effects of red
cell transfusion are associated with the presence of
contaminating leukocytes, leukocyte products, and
probably also with effects of nonviable and poorly
functioning red cells. By relatively simple means it is
possible to improve the quality of red cells in these
respects. The removal of leukocytes from platelet
concentrates (PCs) is even more important because of
high immunogenicity and capacity to produce cytokines
under the storage conditions applied. Prestorage
leukocyte removal has clear advantages. Bacterial
contamination of PCs is common, but fatal bacterial
complications are rare because most contaminating
microorganisms grow slowly and do not produce toxins,
which are frequent causes of death. Suitable methods for
routine bacterial culture of PCs are available and used
in some countries.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 20012289
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Blood Preservation|*; Blood Transfusion|*
- MeSH Heading
- Human
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 1065-6251
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 49 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Storage of blood components.
- Author
- Högman CF
- Address
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion
Medicine, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Source
- Curr Opin Hematol, 1999 Nov, 6:6, 427-31
- Abstract
- Recent studies have shown that a restrictive
transfusion policy results in lower mortality in
patients undergoing surgery. The negative effects of red
cell transfusion are associated with the presence of
contaminating leukocytes, leukocyte products, and
probably also with effects of nonviable and poorly
functioning red cells. By relatively simple means it is
possible to improve the quality of red cells in these
respects. The removal of leukocytes from platelet
concentrates (PCs) is even more important because of
high immunogenicity and capacity to produce cytokines
under the storage conditions applied. Prestorage
leukocyte removal has clear advantages. Bacterial
contamination of PCs is common, but fatal bacterial
complications are rare because most contaminating
microorganisms grow slowly and do not produce toxins,
which are frequent causes of death. Suitable methods for
routine bacterial culture of PCs are available and used
in some countries.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 20012289
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Blood Preservation|*; Blood Transfusion|*
- MeSH Heading
- Human
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 1065-6251
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 50 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Ferritin as a source of iron and protection from
iron-induced toxicities.
- Author
- Aust SD
- Address
- Biotechnology Center, Utah State University, Logan
84322-4705, USA.
- Source
- Toxicol Lett, 1995 Dec, 82-83:, 941-4
- Abstract
- The iron storage protein ferritin can contribute to or
protect against toxicities which involve iron. Iron can
catalyze the oxidation of lipid, protein, DNA and
various biomolecules that can reduce iron. Iron can be
reduced and released from ferritin by the free radical
form of various toxins or superoxide resulting from
oxygen reduction by chemicals which redox cycle. Iron
can also increase ferritin synthesis by an iron-binding
protein which releases from an iron-responsive element
in mRNA for ferritin. This increase in ferritin
synthesis provides a non-reactive storage site for iron.
The mechanism by which iron is placed into ferritin is
unknown. We propose that it is catalyzed by
ceruloplasmin, the copper-containing ferroxidase that
loads iron into transferrin. We believe that the
ferroxidase activity, thought to reside in the heavy
chain of ferritin, is an artifact resulting from ferrous
iron autoxidation. We load iron into ferritin with
ceruloplasmin so ferritin plus ceruloplasmin is an
effective 'antioxidant'.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 96170194
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Ferritin|*PD; Iron|*TO
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Antioxidants|PD; Ceruloplasmin|PD; DNA|ME;
Human; Lipid Peroxidation; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0378-4274
- Country of Publication
- NETHERLANDS
Record 51 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Single-chain antibodies in pancreatic cancer.
- Author
- Colcher D; Pavlinkova G; Beresford G; Booth BJ; Batra
SK
- Address
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University
of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-3135, USA.
dcolcher@unmc.edu
- Source
- Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1999 Jun, 880:, 263-80
- Abstract
- Pancreatic cancer is a therapeutic challenge for
surgical and medical oncology. Development of specific
molecular tracers for the diagnosis and treatment of
this lethal cancer has been one of our major goals.
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have been successfully used
as selective carriers for delivering radionuclides,
toxins or cytotoxic drugs to malignant cell populations;
therefore, monoclonal antibody technology has led to a
significant amount of research into optimizing targeted
therapy. This targeted therapy results in the selective
concentration of cytotoxic agents or radionuclides in
tumors and should lessen the toxicity to normal tissues,
which would normally limit the dosage and effectiveness
of systemically administered drugs. The MAb CC49 reacts
with a unique disaccharide, Sialyl-Tn, present on
tumor-associated mucin (TAG-72) expressed by a majority
of human adenocarcinomas. The unique Sialyl-Tn epitope
has provided a potential target for immunotherapy of
cancer. A single chain Fv (scFv) recombinant protein
from CC49 MAb was prepared by engineering the DNA
fragments for coding heavy-chain and light-chain
variable regions with an appropriate oligonucleotide
linker. scFv molecules, when compared to intact MAbs and
the more conventional enzymatically derived F(ab')2 and
Fab' fragments, offer several advantages as carriers for
the selective delivery of radionuclides to tumors. The
divalent antibody fragments (sc(Fv)2 or (scFv)2) display
an affinity constant similar to that of the intact CC49
IgG and are stable with storage, and after radiolabeling.
In preclinical studies, both the covalent and the
non-covalent dimeric scFvs exhibit excellent tumor
targeting properties with characteristics similar to
those of the monomer, e.g., the rapid blood clearance,
low kidney uptake and small size suitable for rapid
penetration through tumor tissue. Increased tumor
targeting of the dimers are probably due to their
increased functional affinity attributable to valency,
coupled with their higher molecular weight and fewer
interactions with normal organs. These properties make
these constructs superior to monovalent CC49 scFv. The
relatively high tumor uptake, the in vitro and in vivo
targeting specificity, and the stability in storage
demonstrated by the dimeric CC49 sc(Fv)2 makes it a
promising delivery vehicle for therapeutic applications
in pancreatic cancer.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99344361
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Adenocarcinoma|*IM; Antibodies, Neoplasm|*IM;
Immunoglobulin Fragments|*IM; Pancreatic Neoplasms|*IM
- MeSH Heading
- Amino Acid Sequence; Animal; Antibodies, Monoclonal|IM;
Antigens, Neoplasm|BI/IM; Glycoproteins|BI/IM; Human;
Immunoglobulin Variable Region|IM; Molecular Sequence
Data; Recombinant Proteins|GE; Support, U.S. Gov't,
Non-P.H.S.; Tumor Markers, Biological
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0077-8923
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 52 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Biochemical and physiological characteristics of HlyA,
a pore-forming cytolysin of Vibrio cholerae serogroup
O1.
- Author
- Sathyamoorthy V; Huntley JS; Hall AC; Hall RH
- Address
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety
and Applied Nutrition, Washington, DC 20204, USA.
- Source
- Toxicon, 1997 Apr, 35:4, 515-27
- Abstract
- Among the various toxins produced by the bacterial
species Vibrio cholerae is HlyA, a cytolytic protein
commonly called the E1 Tor hemolysin. HlyA is
synthesized and processed in a complex manner involving
various processed or degraded forms, that may co-purify
and complicate the interpretation of biochemical and
physiological experiments. In this study a single form
of HlyA was purified by gel filtration and
chromatofocusing using fast protein liquid
chromatography in the presence of protease inhibitors. A
45-fold purification was obtained, with a final recovery
of 17% of pure 60,000 mol. wt HlyA. A significant
improvement in specific activity to 8.5 x 10(6) Chinese
hamster ovary tissue culture units per mg protein was
obtained. Physiological activity studies indicated that
cytolysis of erythrocytes (hemolysis) was inhibited by
oxygen: storage of HlyA under oil, and experimentation
in N2-flushed buffers maintained activity. HlyA-mediated
lysis of human erythrocytes was characterized by a
significant lag phase, followed by a rapid induction of
hemolysis. Hemolysis was inhibited by sucrose, an
osmotic protectant, suggesting that the initial action
of HlyA on erythrocytes is to raise the basal cation
permeability of the cell membrane. The most likely
cytolytic mechanism is thus the formation of
transmembrane lesions such as homopolymer pores in
target cells, as has been found for toxins from numerous
other bacterial pathogens.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 97279198
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Erythrocytes|*DE; Hemolysins|CH/IP/*PD; Vibrio
cholerae|*CH
- MeSH Heading
- Amino Acid Sequence; Animal; Comparative Study; CHO
Cells; Drug Stability; Hamsters; Hemolysis; Human;
Molecular Sequence Data; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0041-0101
- Country of Publication
- ENGLAND
Record 53 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Glutamine: an essential amino acid for the gut.
- Author
- van der Hulst RR; von Meyenfeldt MF; Soeters PB
- Address
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Maastricht,
Netherlands.
- Source
- Nutrition, 1996 Nov, 12:11-12 Suppl, S78-81
- Abstract
- Glutamine is a non-essential amino acid which is
produced in sufficient amount by the healthy human body.
From experimental work it is known that glutamine is an
important nutrient for rapidly dividing cells such as
cells from the immune system and the gut. During several
conditions a lack of glutamine may occur. This will
result in functional disturbances of the immune system
and/or the gut. Glutamine is produced mainly by the
muscle tissue. A decrease in muscle mass during
nutritional depletion may result in decreased glutamine
production capacity. Furthermore during critical
illness, there is an increased demand for glutamine
probably as a result of an increased utilization by the
immune system. In addition, patients receiving standard
parenteral nutrition do not receive glutamine, until
recently, commercial parenteral nutrition did not
contain glutamine because of instability of this amino
acid during prolonged storage. One of the important
functions of the gut is to prevent migration of bacteria
and/or toxins from the gut lumen into the systemic
circulation. A lack of glutamine may result in
deterioration of this intestinal barrier.
Supplementation of glutamine to certain patients could
be essential. The relation between glutamine and the gut
in several situations (nutritional depletion, critical
illness, parenteral nutrition) is discussed in this
paper.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 97129617
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Amino Acids, Essential|*; Glutamine|DF/*PH;
Intestines|*PH
- MeSH Heading
- Human; Intestinal Absorption; Nutrition; Parenteral
Nutrition, Total
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0899-9007
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 54 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Mycotoxins of fungal strains from stored herbal plants
and mycotoxin contents of Nigerian crude herbal drugs.
- Author
- Efuntoye MO
- Address
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ogun State
University, Ago-Iwoyc, Nigeria.
- Source
- Mycopathologia, 1999, 147:1, 43-8
- Abstract
- The ability of fungi isolated from stored herbal drug
plants to produce mycotoxins in semisynthetic media was
studied. The results obtained show that aflatoxins and
ochratoxin A, were produced by Aspergillus flavus, A.
parasiticus and A. ochraceus isolates. The
time-production courses of aflatoxins B1, B2, 1 and
ochratoxin A in crude herbal drug preparations show that
more of these toxins were produced with increase in time
of storage of the drugs. The results indicate that the
potential exists for the toxigenic strains to elaborate
mycotoxins in a large quantity in herbal drug substrates
than in semisynthetic media.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 20331339
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Aflatoxins|*AN; Aspergillus flavus|GD/*IP; Medicine,
Herbal|*; Ochratoxins|*AN; Plants, Medicinal|CH/*MI
- MeSH Heading
- Aflatoxin B1|AN; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Drug
Contamination; Human; Nigeria; Spectrometry,
Fluorescence; Time Factors
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0301-486X
- Country of Publication
- NETHERLANDS
Record 55 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Strategies for the prevention of a successful
biological warfare aerosol attack.
- Author
- Wiener SL
- Address
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College
of Medicine at Chicago 60612, USA.
- Source
- Mil Med, 1996 May, 161:5, 251-6
- Abstract
- Biological warfare (BW) aerosol attacks are different
from chemical attacks in that they may provide no
warning/all clear signals that allow the soldier to put
on or remove his M17/M40 protective mask. Methods are
now being perfected to detect a BW aerosol cloud using
an airborne (helicopter) pulsed laser system to scan the
lower altitudes upwind from a troop concentration of
corps size, and to sample and analyze the nature of the
aerosol within a brief time interval. This system has
certain limitations and vulnerabilities, since it is
designed specifically to detect a line-type aerosol
attack. Provision of, training with, and field use of a
lightweight dust mist or HEPA filter respirator for each
soldier is proposed for protection against undetected
aerosol attacks. This particulate filter respirator
would be issued in addition to the M17/M40 mask. Such a
BW respirator will be able to purify the soldier's air
by removing particles in the 0.3- to 15-micro m-diameter
range with an efficiency of 98 to 100%. Particle size of
BW aerosols is in the same range, with an optimum size
for high-efficiency casualty production of 1 to 5 micro
m mass median diameter. The proposed BW respirator will
be lightweight; will require low inhalation pressures;
will be comfortable to wear for prolonged periods; will
not interfere with vision, hearing, and communication;
and will not degrade overall effectiveness and
performance to the degree observed with the M17/M40
masks. Such respirators would be worn as part of a
contingency defense against an enemy likely to use BW
agents. This respirator could be worn for prolonged
periods when under threat of an undetectable BW attack
during weather conditions favorable to the success of
such an attack (i.e., low wind velocity and temperature
inversion in the target area). In addition, tactically
important assets such as command and control centers and
missile batteries can also be protected continuously by
air filtration systems powered by electricity (modular
collective protection equipment). Vaccinations against
anthrax, botulism, Q fever, plague, and tularemia are
now available and immune protection against ricin and
staphylococcal toxins appears feasible in the near
future. Chemotherapy can also be provided for
prophylaxis of infectious agents released on the
battlefield. The vaccines and antibiotics can provide
back-up protection against an unexpected BW attack
during a period when the BW respirator is not in use or
malfunctions due to a poor seal or filter leak. Enemy
sites of biological weapon production, assembly,
testing, and storage, and delivery vehicles can be
targeted for destruction by bombs and/or missiles. An
integrated, well-planned, BW defense with multiple
components can decrease the likelihood of a successful
enemy BW aerosol attack.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 97007794
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Biological Warfare|*PC
- MeSH Heading
- Aerosols; Bacterial Vaccines|TU; Chemoprevention;
Human; Iraq; Military Personnel|ED; Respiratory
Protective Devices; United States
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0026-4075
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 56 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- FAO programmes for prevention, regulation, and control
of mycotoxins in food.
- Author
- Boutrif E
- Address
- Food Quality and Standards Service, Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome,
Italy.
- Source
- Nat Toxins, 1995, 3:4, 322-6; discussion 341
- Abstract
- The article provides information on recent past and
current activities carried out by the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) at
national, regional, and international levels to assist
member countries in overcoming the problems raised by
mycotoxins in foods and feeds. It gives special emphasis
to the preventive aspects at the stages of production
and storage of those commodities which are particularly
sensitive to mycotoxin contamination. Specific projects
implemented by the FAO in various countries to prevent
and control mycotoxin contamination are cited with
particular reference to the on-going FAO/United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP) Regional Training Network
for Mycotoxin Control in Asia. The article also provides
an update of the Codex Alimentarius effort to establish
international guideline levels for different mycotoxins
in various foodstuffs and agricultural commodities and
to develop sampling plans for aflatoxin control in
peanuts and maize and their products. It proposes a set
of recommended actions at various levels to monitor and
control mycotoxin levels in foods and to promote
international cooperation in this field.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 96052965
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Food Analysis|*; Food Microbiology|*; Mycotoxins|*AN
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Human
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 1056-9014
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 57 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Fumonisins and human health.
- Author
- Nair MG
- Address
- Tropical Child Health Group, Liverpool School of
Tropical Medicine, UK.
- Source
- Ann Trop Paediatr, 1998 Sep, 18 Suppl:, S47-52
- Abstract
- Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium
moniliforme that are prevalent in corn, sorghum, millet
and other agricultural products. It is possible that
fumonisins are aetiological agents in human oesophageal
cancers. The International Agency for Research on Cancer
have designated toxins derived from F. moniliforme as
group 2B (possibly carcinogenic to humans). Fumonisins
are hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, atherogenic,
immunosuppressive and embryotoxic in experimental animal
systems. Methods of detoxifying fumonisin-contaminated
foods are required. Fumonisins have potent, apparently
specific, inhibitory effects on sphingolipid
biosynthesis and as such are valuable in studies of the
complex biochemical events involved in sphingolipid
metabolism and function. Fumonisins may serve as
templates for therapeutic agents for treating diseases
related to sphingolipid turnover (lysosomal storage
disease), such as Farber's disease.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99093548
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Fusarium|*; Mycotoxins|*PD/TO; Sphingolipids|*AI
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Chickens; Haplorhini; Human; Rats; Support,
Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0272-4936
- Country of Publication
- ENGLAND
Record 58 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Pathogenesis of enteric diseases.
- Author
- Hoerr FJ
- Address
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Auburn University, Alabama 36830, USA. fhoerr@mindspring.com
- Source
- Poult Sci, 1998 Aug, 77:8, 1150-5
- Abstract
- The pathogenesis of digestive disease in poultry
involves the cellular events and reactions that result
in a deviation from normal structure and function. To a
degree, the differentiation of disease and normal in
commercial poultry also involves an economic
perspective. Factors external to the digestive tract may
mimic digestive disease, including reductions in the
density of various nutrients and feed refusal.
Antinutritional factors, such as certain storage
polysaccharides and proteins, are inaccessible to
endogenous enzymes and are either indigestible or act as
blockers of the digestion of other nutrients. Changes in
digestive secretions that result in either excess or
deficiency also influence digestive structure and
function. Infectious agents and toxins that cause
degeneration and necrosis are especially injurious
because a series of critical repair events must occur in
order to regain function. The consequences range from
lethal injury of the host animal to diminished
performance. The digestive tract has a large component
of lymphoid tissue and impairment of the immune system
influences the course of protozoan, bacterial and viral
enteric diseases.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 98371329
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Digestive System Diseases|ET/PP/*VE; Poultry
Diseases|*ET/*PP
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Animal Feed; Animal Nutrition; Digestive
Physiology; Human; Immunosuppression; Necrosis; Poultry
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0032-5791
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 59 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Culture materials affect ex vivo expansion of
hematopoietic progenitor cells.
- Author
- LaIuppa JA; McAdams TA; Papoutsakis ET; Miller WM
- Address
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3120, USA.
- Source
- J Biomed Mater Res, 1997 Sep, 36:3, 347-59
- Abstract
- Ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic cells is important
for applications such as cancer treatment, gene therapy,
and transfusion medicine. While cell culture systems are
widely used to evaluate the biocompatibility of
materials for implantation, the ability of materials to
support proliferation of primary human cells in cultures
for reinfusion into patients has not been addressed. We
screened a variety of commercially available polymer (15
types), metal (four types), and glass substrates for
their ability to support expansion of hematopoietic
cells when cultured under conditions that would be
encountered in a clinical setting. Cultures of
peripheral blood (PB) CD34+ cells and mononuclear cells
(MNC) were evaluated for expansion of total cells and
colony-forming unit-granulocyte monocyte (CFU-GM;
progenitors committed to the granulocyte and/or monocyte
lineage). Human hematopoietic cultures in serum-free
medium were found to be extremely sensitive to the
substrate material. The only materials tested that
supported expansion at or near the levels of polystyrene
were tissue culture polystyrene, Teflon perfluoroalkoxy,
Teflon fluorinated ethylene propylene, cellulose
acetate, titanium, new polycarbonate, and new
polymethylpentene. MNC were less sensitive to the
substrate materials than the primitive CD34+
progenitors, although similar trends were seen for
expansion of the two cell populations on the substrates
tested. CFU-GM expansion was more sensitive to substrate
materials than was total cell expansion. The detrimental
effects of a number of the materials on hematopoietic
cultures appear to be caused by protein adsorption
and/or leaching of toxins. Factors such as cleaning,
sterilization, and reuse significantly affected the
performance of some materials as culture substrates. We
also used PB CD34+ cell cultures to examine the
biocompatibility of gas-permeable cell culture and blood
storage bags and several types of tubing commonly used
with biomedical equipment. While many of the culture bag
materials gave satisfactory results, all of the tubing
materials severely inhibited total cell and CFU-GM
expansion. Taken together, our results show that many
materials approved for blood contact or considered
biocompatible are not suitable for use with
hematopoietic cells cultured in serum-free medium. As
hematopoietic cultures are scaled up for a variety of
clinical applications, it will be essential to carefully
examine the biocompatibility of all materials involved.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 97406723
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Biocompatible Materials|*; Hematopoietic Stem
Cells|*CY
- MeSH Heading
- Antigens, CD34; Cell Adhesion; Cell Division; Cells,
Cultured; Culture Media, Serum-Free; Eyeglasses; Human;
Metals; Polymers; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.;
Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0021-9304
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
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