Adaptive response to cold temperatures
in Vibrio vulnificus.
Author
Bryan PJ; Steffan RJ; DePaola A;
Foster JW; Bej AK
Address
Department of Biology, University of
Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University
Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294-1170,
USA.
Source
Curr Microbiol, 1999 Mar, 38:3, 168-75
Abstract
The effectiveness of rapid chilling or
freezing of oysters to reduce Vibrio
vulnificus levels in shellfish may be
compromised by product handling
procedures that permit cold adaptation.
When a V. vulnificus culture was shifted
from 35 degrees C to 6 degrees C
conditions, it underwent transition to a
non-culturable state. Cells adapted to
15 degrees C prior to change to 6
degrees C condition, however, remain
viable and culturable. In addition,
cultures adapted to 15 degrees C were
able to survive better upon freezing at
-78 degrees C compared with cultures
frozen directly from 35 degrees C.
Inhibition of protein synthesis by
addition of chloramphenicol in a V.
vulnificus culture immediately prior to
the exposure to the adaptive temperature
eliminated inducible cold tolerance.
These results suggest that cold-adaptive
"protective" proteins may
enhance survival and tolerance at cold
temperatures. In addition, removal of
iron from the growth medium by adding
2,2'-Dipyridyl prior to cold adaptation
decreased the viability by approximately
2 logarithm levels. This suggests that
iron plays an important role in
adaptation at cold temperatures.
Analysis of total cellular proteins on
an SDS polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis, labeled with
35S-methionine during exposure at 15
degrees C, showed elevated expressions
of a 6-kDa and a 40-kDa protein and
decreased expression of an 80-kDa
protein. These results suggest that, for
V. vulnificus, survival and tolerance at
cold temperatures could be due to the
expression of cold-adaptive proteins
other than previously documented major
cold shock proteins such as CS7.4 and
CsdA. In this study, for the first time
we have shown that exposure to an
intermediate cold temperature (15
degrees C) causes a cold adaptive
response, helping this pathogen remain
in culturable state when exposed to a
much colder temperature (6 degrees C).
This adaptive nature to cold
temperatures could be important for
shellfish industry efforts to reduce the
risk of V. vulnificus infection from
consuming raw oysters.
Type I collagen synthesis by rats fed
beans (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) as the
protein source.
Author
Oliveira AC; Vidal BC
Address
Departamento de Planejamento Alimentar
e NutriÀcÃao, Faculdade de Engenharia
de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de
Campinas, SP, Brasil.
Source
Braz J Med Biol Res, 1992, 25:5,
499-501
Abstract
Type I collagen synthesis was studied
in 12 female Wistar rats weighing 60 +/-
5 g at the beginning of the experiment.
The animals were fasted for 24 h and
then injected ip with 10 microCi
uniformly labeled [14C]-glycine. Two
hours later, groups of 4 animals each
were fed balanced diets (10.7 +/- 0.4%
protein) containing raw beans (Phaseolus
vulgaris, L.), cooked beans or casein
(control) as the single protein source,
ad libitum. The animals were killed
after 4 days and collagen was extracted
from the tail and calcaneal tendons.
Food intake and weight gain of rats fed
raw beans (22 g, 0 g) were considerably
less than rats fed cooked beans (38 g, 9
g) and casein (44 g, 22 g). Collagen was
quantitated on the basis of
hydroxyproline and corresponded to 0.1,
0.2 and 0.2% rat body weight, with
specific radioactivity of 1.2, 1.6 and
4.2 microCi/g, for the rats fed raw
beans, cooked beans and casein,
respectively. The results indicate that
rats fed either bean protein synthesized
less collagen than those fed casein (P
< 0.05). Although the food intake and
extractable collagen of rats fed cooked
beans were similar to those of
casein-fed rats, weight gain and
collagen specific radioactivity were
less.
Effect of the raw legume Vicia ervilia
on muscle and liver protein metabolism
in growing rats.
Author
Goena M; Marzo F; Fernández González
AL; Tosar A; Frühbeck G; Santidrián S
Address
Departamento de FisiologÆia, Facultad
de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra,
Pamplona, Spain.
Source
Rev Esp Fisiol, 1989, 45 Suppl:, 55-9
Abstract
Body weight gain (BWG), food intake,
food efficiency rate (FER: food intake,
g/protein intake, g), gastrocnemius
muscle and liver weights, protein, RNA
and DNA contents of gastrocnemius muscle
and liver have been measured in growing
rats (80-90 g initial body weight) fed
ad libitum over a period of 11 days on
12.00% protein diets containing either
heated and defatted Glycinae sojae (HSB)
as control or the raw legume Vicia
ervilia as the main sources of protein.
It has been found that, as compared to
HSB-fed rats, those fed the legume Vicia
ervilia diet exhibited a significant
reduction in growth, PER, FER, as well
as, in RNA-activity (protein, g/day/RNA,
g) and RNA/DNA ratio in both muscle and
liver. Protein synthesis capacity (PSC:RNA,
microgram/protein, mg), was found
significantly increased in liver but not
in muscle. The possible nature of these
findings is discussed.
Muscle and liver protein synthesis and
degradation in growing rats fed a raw
field bean (Vicia faba L.) diet.
Author
Goena M; Santidrián S; Cuevillas F;
Larralde J
Address
Departamento de FisiologÆia Humana,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de
Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
Source
Rev Esp Fisiol, 1988 Dec, 44:4, 345-51
Abstract
Body weight gain, food intake,
gastrocnemius muscle and liver weight,
protein and RNA content, as well as the
fractional rates of muscle and liver
protein synthesis (ks, according to the
method of constant infusion of
L-[14C]tyrosine), growth (kg) and
degradation (kd), along with RNA
activity (g of protein synthesized per
day/g RNA) of both organs, were
determined in growing male rats fed ad
libitum over a period of 10 days on
18.7% protein diets containing either
casein (5% of methionine added)
(control) or the raw legume field bean (Vicia
faba L.) as the sole sources of protein.
It has been found that as compared to
control rats, those fed the raw legume
diet exhibited a significant reduction
in the rate of growth, muscle RNA, ks,
kg, kd and RNA activity, and a
significant increase in liver ks, kd and
RNA activity. All differences were
statistically significant at least at
the 5% level. The possible nature of
these findings is discussed.
Nutritional outcome and
immunocompetence in mice fed on a diet
containing raw field beans (Vicia faba,
var. minor) as the source of protein.
Author
Martínez JA; Macarulla MT; Marcos R;
Larralde J
Address
Department of Nutrition and Food
Science, University of PaÆis Vasco,
Vitoria, Spain.
Source
Br J Nutr, 1992 Sep, 68:2, 493-503
Abstract
Feeding growth mice on diets
containing raw field beans (Vicia faba
var. minor) as the only source of
protein brought about an impairment in
growth, muscle mass and liver weight. No
changes in food consumption were
observed, but the food intake:weight
gain ratio was increased in those
animals. Plasma protein,
triacylglycerols and cholesterol values
were not affected by the dietary
treatment although serum glucose and
zinc levels fell after legume intake as
well as the number of circulating
erythrocytes. The relative enlargement
of thymus and spleen in the legume-fed
mice was apparently accompanied by a
reduction in the cell number and an
increase in cell size, while the protein
synthesis capacity followed
differentiated patterns in both tissues
when assessed through protein, DNA and
RNA determinations. The
haemagglutination titres and the number
of rosette-forming cells were lower in
those animals fed on the field bean diet
as well as the splenic lymphocyte
responses to phytohaemagglutinin,
Concanavalin A or lipopolysaccharide
mitogens used to evaluate the functional
status of T and B lymphocytes. The
present study describes, apparently for
the first time in mice, the involvement
of field bean intake in some
immunological disturbances affecting
both humoral- and cell-mediated aspects
of the immune response.
Response of muscle, liver and
whole-body protein turnover to two
different sources of protein in growing
rats.
Author
Martínez JA; Goena M; Santidrián S;
Larralde J
Address
Source
Ann Nutr Metab, 1987, 31:3, 146-53
Abstract
A significant impairment in growth
rate, food efficiency and weight of the
gastrocnemius muscle was observed in
rats fed a raw legume as the source of
protein compared to casein-fed animals.
No appreciable differences in chemical
composition of the carcass were found.
The source of dietary protein did not
influence the ratio protein/DNA, DNA
concentration or protein-synthesizing
capacity (RNA/protein). The slower
weight gain of animals fed the legume
diet was attributed to a lower muscle
protein synthesis, mediated by a
depression of muscle RNA activity (grams
protein synthesized/gram RNA) rather
than changes in myofibrillar protein
breakdown. In contrast liver protein
synthesis appeared to be slightly
increased in the legume-fed animals.
Synthesis, formation, and occurrence
of contaminants in biotechnologically
manufactured L-tryptophan.
Author
Simat TJ; Kleeberg KK; Müller B;
Sierts A
Address
Department of Food Chemistry,
University of Hamburg. thomas_simat@public.uni-hamburg.de
Source
Adv Exp Med Biol, 1999, 467:, 469-80
Abstract
The pattern of contaminants in
pharmaceutical and feed grade L-tryptophan
(Trp) was investigated in a market
survey of 22 lots of 6 different
manufacturers. To date, 5 case
associated contaminants in Showa Denko
tryptophan (SD-Trp) known to cause the
autoimmune disease eosinophilia-myalgia
syndrome (EMS) have been structurally
elucidated:
3a-hydroxy-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydropyrroloindole-2-carboxylic
acid (PIC), an indoline compound, is one
of the most abundant degradation
compounds of unbound Trp during
oxidative treatment.
2-(3-indolylmethyl)-L-tryptophan (IMT)
and 2-(2-hydroxyindoline)-tryptophan
(HIT) are both 2-substituted
Trp-derivatives. IMT was synthesized by
the reaction of Trp and
indole-3-methanol or
indole-3-acetaldehyde, respectively.
From this finding it is proposed that
Trp-metabolites can decompose under
formation of transitional, mesomerism-stabilized
cations that react with excess Trp to
yield 2-substituted Trp derivatives. The
decomposition of Trp-metabolites could
be induced by elevated or low pH-values
that occur during the downstream
processing of the Trp fermentation
broth. IMT was detected in
pharmaceutical-grade and feed-grade Trp
in amounts of < 20-1,400 mg/kg. 1,1'-Ethylidenebis-(L-tryptophan)
(EBT) is formed from acetaldehyde and
Trp under acidic conditions and serves
as a marker for EMS-suspicious Trp.
3-(Phenylamino)alanine (PAA) is the only
not Trp derived case associated
contaminant. Low amounts of PAA (20
mg/kg) could be detected in feed-grade
Trp of one manufacturer. Non-EMS
correlated
1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic
acids of Trp and formaldehyde,
acetaldehyde and indole-3-acetaldehyde
could be detected in the examined Trp
raw materials (< 10-13,500 mg/kg). In
order to guarantee the safety of Trp
containing drugs the amount of EBT (<
10 mg/kg Trp) and the sum of UV220 nm
detectable contaminants (< 400 mg/kg
Trp) are limited by the European
authorities.
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