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Record 1
from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Dietary protein restriction alters
glucose but not protein metabolism in
non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
- Author
- Hoffer LJ; Taveroff A; Hamadeh MJ
- Address
- McGill Nutrition and Food Science
Centre and the School of Dietetics and
Human Nutrition, McGill University,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Source
- Metabolism, 1998 Sep, 47:9, 1145-51
- Abstract
- We determined whether a customary diet
high or low in protein (1) influences
postabsorptive amino acid catabolism,
nitrogen (N) balance, and hepatic
glucose output (HGO) in normal subjects
or patients with non-insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or (2) alters
blood glucose levels in NIDDM. Eight
normal young adults and five obese
middle-aged persons with NIDDM consumed
low-protein (0.8 g/kg lean body mass [LBM])
or high-protein (3.0 g/kg LBM) diets at
maintenance energy for consecutive 7-day
periods. Fasting and average blood
glucose and N balance were measured
daily. The level of dietary protein had
no effect on the basal plasma leucine
rate of appearance (Ra) or urinary
3-methylhistidine excretion in either
subject group. Basal leucine oxidation
(and by inference, whole-body amino acid
catabolism) was reduced on the
low-protein diet but basal HGO was not,
and although exogenous glucose
effectively suppressed HGO, it did not
reduce leucine oxidation with either
diet. After adaptation to the
low-protein diet, N balance in both the
normal and NIDDM subjects was close to
zero. The low-protein diet reduced the
fasting and daily blood glucose of the
diabetic subjects by approximately 2
mmol/L (P < .05). We conclude that
physiologic variation in dietary protein
does not affect basal whole-body protein
turnover or HGO in either normal young
adults or obese middle-aged NIDDM
subjects. However, protein restriction
to the level of the average daily
requirement significantly reduces
postabsorptive and average daily blood
glucose concentrations in persons with
NIDDM.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 98421866
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Diabetes Mellitus,
Non-Insulin-Dependent|*ME; Dietary
Proteins|*AD; Glucose|*ME; Proteins|*ME
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Body Weight; Female; Human;
Liver|ME; Male; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0026-0495
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 2
from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Effects of a high-protein and low-fat
diet vs a low-protein and high-fat diet
on blood glucose, serum lipoproteins,
and cholesterol metabolism in noninsulin-dependent
diabetics.
- Author
- Andersén E; Hellström P; Kindstedt
K; Hellström K
- Address
-
- Source
- Am J Clin Nutr, 1987 Feb, 45:2, 406-13
- Abstract
- Six middle-aged patients with
noninsulin-dependent diabetes and six
normoglycemic control subjects were fed
protein-rich and fat-poor (diet A) or
protein-poor and fat-rich food (diet B).
The patients were hyperglycemic, VLDL
triglycerides levels were higher, and
HDL cholesterol levels lower than
corresponding findings in control
subjects. Bile acid formation and
biliary lipid composition did not differ
between the two groups, but net steroid
balance in the patients was elevated by
a factor of approximately 2. A switch
from diet A to diet B in control
subjects was associated with an increase
in HDL cholesterol and decreases in bile
acid synthesis and net steroid balance.
Lipoprotein pattern in the patients
remained unchanged, and effects on total
bile acid production and steroid balance
were less consistent. It is suggested
that the response in the patients
reflected diabetes-associated
abnormalities in lipid metabolism.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 87124596
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent|BL/CO/*DH;
Diabetic Diet|*; Dietary Fats|*AD;
Dietary Proteins|*AD;
Hyperlipoproteinemia|*DH/ET
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Aged; Blood Glucose|ME;
Cholesterol|ME; Comparative Study;
Female; Human; Lipoproteins|BL; Male;
Middle Age; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0002-9165
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 3
from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Protein metabolism in human obesity:
relationship with glucose and lipid
metabolism and with visceral adipose
tissue.
- Author
- Solini A; Bonora E; Bonadonna R;
Castellino P; DeFronzo RA
- Address
- Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Ferrara, Italy.
- Source
- J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1997 Aug,
82:8, 2552-8
- Abstract
- It is controversial whether metabolic
disorders of human obesity include
protein metabolism. Even less
information is available concerning the
effect of fat distribution on protein
metabolism. Therefore, a comprehensive
evaluation of glucose, lipid, and
protein metabolism was performed in 11
obese nondiabetic and 9 normal women
whose body composition and regional fat
distribution were determined.
[1-14C]Leucine and [3-3H]glucose were
infused in the postabsorptive state and
during an euglycemic hyperinsulinemic
(35-40 microU/mL) clamp combined with
indirect calorimetry for assessment of
leucine flux, oxidation, and
nonoxidative disposal, glucose turnover
and oxidation, and lipid oxidation.
Fat-free mass (FFM) was estimated by a
bolus of 3H2O. Subcutaneous abdominal
and visceral adipose tissues were
determined by nuclear magnetic resonance
imaging. During the clamp, obese women
had lower glucose turnover (4.51 +/-
0.41 vs. 6.63 +/- 0.40 mg/min.kg FFM; P
< 0.05), with a defect in both
oxidation (3.27 +/- 0.22 vs. 3.89 +/-
0.21) and nonoxidative disposal (1.24
+/- 0.27 vs. 2.74 +/- 0.41; P <
0.005), whereas lipid oxidation was
higher during the clamp (0.49 +/- 0.15
vs. 0.17 +/- 0.09 mg/min.kg FFM). There
was no difference in leucine flux
(basal, 2.23 +/- 0.17 vs. 2.30 +/- 0.29;
clamp, 2.06 +/- 0.19 vs. 2.10 +/- 0.24
mumol/min.kg FFM), oxidation (basal,
0.37 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.36 +/- 0.05; clamp,
0.34 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.39 +/- 0.06) and
nonoxidative leucine disposal (basal,
1.86 +/- 0.17 vs. 1.94 +/- 0.26; clamp,
1.72 +/- 0.20 vs. 1.71 +/- 0.19) in the
two groups. In obese women, basal
leucine oxidation was directly related
with glucose oxidation and inversely to
lipid oxidation (both P < 0.05),
whereas visceral adipose tissue was
inversely related to leucine flux both
in the basal state and during the clamp
(P < 0.05). In conclusion, in human
obesity, 1) rates of protein metabolism
in the basal state and in the range of
insulin concentrations encountered after
a meal are normal; 2) protein oxidation
is positively related to glucose
oxidation and negatively related to
lipid oxidation; and 3) visceral adipose
tissue is inversely related to all
parameters of protein metabolism.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 97397272
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Blood Glucose|*ME; Lipids|*BL;
Obesity|*ME; Proteins|*ME
- MeSH Heading
- Adipose Tissue; Adult; Body
Composition; Calorimetry, Indirect;
Fatty Acids, Nonesterified|BL; Female;
Food; Glucose|ME; Glucose Clamp
Technique; Human; Insulin|BL; Leucine|ME;
Lipid Peroxidation; Oxidation-Reduction;
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S.
Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Support, U.S. Gov't,
P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0021-972X
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 4
from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Metabolic intervention in surgical
patients: the effect of alpha- or
beta-blockade on glucose and protein
metabolism in surgical patients
receiving total parenteral nutrition.
- Author
- Shaw JH; Holdaway CM; Humberstone DA
- Address
- University Department of Surgery,
Auckland Hospital, New Zealand.
- Source
- Surgery, 1988 May, 103:5, 520-5
- Abstract
- We performed a series of isotopic
studies on the role of alpha- or beta-adrenergic
activity in the regulation of glucose
and protein metabolism in a group of
surgical patients receiving total
parenteral nutrition. We quantitated
rates of glucose turnover and net
protein breakdown by the primed constant
infusion of 3H-glucose and 14C-urea,
respectively. Basal measurements were
first performed, and then the effect of
either alpha- or beta-adrenergic
blockade was assessed by means of the
constant infusion of either phentolamine
or propranolol. In addition, we assessed
the effect of beta-stimulation by
infusing the beta-agonist, salbutamol.
The institution of alpha-adrenergic
blockade did not significantly alter
either the plasma glucose level or the
rate of glucose production. However, the
rate of net protein catabolism decreased
significantly after alpha-adrenergic
blockade. Before alpha-blockade the
value for NPC was 0.88 +/- 0.27
gm/kg/day, and after alpha-blockade the
corresponding value was 0.73 +/- 0.24
gm/kg/day (p less than 0.01). beta-Adrenergic
blockade resulted in a decrease in the
rate of glucose appearance from 38.2 +/-
6.1 mumol/kg/min to 35.1 +/- 5.7 mumol/kg/min,
and the plasma glucose clearance
increased from 5.0 +/- 0.8 ml/kg/min to
5.4 +/- 0.8 ml/kg/min. As a result of
these changes the plasma glucose
concentration decreased significantly (p
less than 0.01) from 7.4 +/- 0.3 mumol/ml
to 6.5 +/- 0.5 mumol/ml. beta-Adrenergic
blockade did not significantly decrease
the rate of net protein catabolism.
beta-Stimulation with salbutamol
resulted in a significant increase (p
less than 0.05) in the rate of glucose
production from 31.3 +/- 4.2 mumol/kg/min
to 38.0 +/- 6.5 mumol/kg/min, and as a
result the plasma glucose level
increased significantly from 6.7 +/- 0.6
mumol/ml to 7.4 +/- 0.6 mumol/ml (p less
than 0.04). We conclude from these
studies that the role of the adrenergic
nervous system in the promotion of
endogenous glucose turnover in surgical
patients receiving total parenteral
nutrition is primarily a beta-adrenergic
effect, whereas the promotion of protein
catabolism is mainly an alpha-adrenergic
effect.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 88205181
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists|AD/*PD;
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists|AD/*PD;
Energy Metabolism|*; Glucose|*ME;
Parenteral Nutrition, Total|*;
Proteins|*ME; Surgical Procedures,
Operative|*
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Aged; Albuterol|AD/PD; Blood
Glucose|AN; Female; Human;
Hydrocortisone|BL; Infusions,
Intravenous; Insulin|BL; Male; Middle
Age; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Urea|UR
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0039-6060
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 5
from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- An integrated analysis of glucose,
fat, and protein metabolism in severely
traumatized patients. Studies in the
basal state and the response to total
parenteral nutrition.
- Author
- Shaw JH; Wolfe RR
- Address
- University Department of Surgery,
Auckland Hospital, New Zealand.
- Source
- Ann Surg, 1989 Jan, 209:1, 63-72
- Abstract
- A series of isotopic infusions were
performed in 43 severely ill patients
suffering from blunt trauma (mean injury
severity score of 31). The patient data
have been compared with data obtained
from 32 normal volunteers, and in
addition the metabolic response of the
trauma patient to total nutritional
support (TPN) has been assessed. The
rate of VO2 was elevated in the trauma
patients compared with that of the
volunteers (160 mumol/kg/minute vs. 103
mumol/kg/minute). Glucose production was
significantly increased in the patients
compared with the volunteers (21 +/- 2
mumol/kg/minute vs. 14 +/- 1 mumol/kg/minute),
but the trauma patients had an impaired
capacity to directly oxidize plasma
glucose. The percentage of glucose
uptake oxidized in the volunteers was 36
+/- 2%, and the percentage of glucose
uptake recycled was 10 +/- 1%. By
contrast, in the trauma patients, 23 +/-
4% of the glucose uptake was directly
oxidized, and 29 +/- 11% was recycled.
The rate of glycerol turnover in the
trauma patients (5.3 +/- 0.3 mumol/kg/minute)
was significantly elevated compared with
the volunteer value (2.2 +/- 0.1 mumol/kg/minute),
and the basal rate of fat oxidation was
twice as high in the patients as in the
volunteers (2 mg/kg/minute vs. 1
mg/kg/minute). The rate of whole body
protein catabolism was significantly
higher in the patients (5.8 +/- 0.7
g/kg/day vs. 4.3 +/- 0.3 g/kg/day), and
as a result, the rate of net protein
catabolism was significantly elevated in
the patients. The response to TPN (amino
acids and a 50:50 mixture of glucose and
fat) included an increase in the
percentage of glucose uptake oxidized
(up to 45 +/- 12%), a decrease in the
oxidation of fat (up to 0.8
mg/kg/minute), and a significant
increase in whole body protein synthesis
(up to 6.1 +/- 1.1 g/kg/day) so that the
rate of net protein loss was minimized
but not prevented. (The rate of net
protein catabolism during TPN was 1.3
+/- 0.5 g/kg/day.) There was no
correlation between the injury severity
score (ISS) and the degree of metabolic
abnormality. The rate of NPC in the
patients with ISS less than 20 was
higher than in the volunteers (ISS = 0),
but the values for NPC in patients with
ISS 21-40, and ISS greater than 40 were
virtually identical to the corresponding
values in patients with ISS less than
20. It is concluded from these studies
that: 1) Trauma patients have a high
rate of VO2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
WORDS)
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 89087212
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Basal Metabolism|*; Fats|*ME;
Glucose|*ME; Parenteral Nutrition,
Total|*; Proteins|*ME; Wounds,
Nonpenetrating|*ME/TH
- MeSH Heading
- Adolescence; Adult; Calorimetry;
Energy Intake; Evaluation Studies; Fatty
Acids, Nonesterified|ME; Female; Human;
Hydrocortisone|BL; Insulin|BL; Kinetics;
Male; Middle Age; Oxidation-Reduction;
Oxygen Consumption; Severity of Illness
Index; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support,
U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW,
TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0003-4932
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 6
from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Effect of dietary protein intake on
insulin secretion and glucose metabolism
in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
- Author
- Linn T; Geyer R; Prassek S; Laube H
- Address
- Diabetology and Metabolism Unit,
Justus Liebig University, Giessen,
Germany.
- Source
- J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1996 Nov,
81:11, 3938-43
- Abstract
- Adult-onset insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus (IDDM) is associated with
significant residual insulin secretion.
The process leading to the ultimate
destruction of B cells may be
influenced, among other factors, by the
quality and amount of ingested protein.
Using a standardized food questionnaire,
we matched 13 individuals with normal
protein (NP; 0.74 +/- 0.08 g/kg.day) and
high protein (HP; 1.87 +/- 0.26 g/kg.day)
intake from a sample of 117 newly
diagnosed IDDM patients according to
sex, age, body mass index, and energy
intake. Nondiabetic control subjects
were also selected. Dietary habits did
not change significantly over an
observation period of 1 yr. Glucagon-stimulated
C peptide was significantly higher in
the NP compared to the HP group (0.71
+/- 0.06 vs. 0.50 +/- 0.04 nmol/L; P
< 0.002). NP food was associated with
higher overall insulin sensitivity in
both patients and nondiabetic subjects.
Hepatic glucose output was significantly
increased in individuals with HP intake
[HP IDDM, 14.8 +/- 0.6 vs. NP IDDM, 12.7
+/- 0.7 (P < 0.01); HP control, 12.2
+/- 0.5 vs. NP control, 10.9 +/- 0.5 (P
< 0.01 mumol/kg.min).
Insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic
glucose production was impaired in
diabetic patients with high protein
intake, but not in patients with normal
protein diet. Gluconeogenesis estimated
from 13C enrichment in breath and plasma
was increased in individuals on a HP
diet. We conclude that a NP diet is
accompanied by delayed progression of
the continuous loss of endogenous
insulin in IDDM. This phenomenon is
possibly due to decreased insulin demand
on the B cells and/or reduced hepatic
glucose production favoring enhanced
insulin sensitivity.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 97082605
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Diabetes Mellitus,
Insulin-Dependent|*DH/ME/*PP; Dietary
Proteins|*AD; Glucose|*ME; Insulin|*SE
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Blood Glucose|ME; C-Peptide|ME;
Diet Records; Female; Glucagon|ME/PD;
Gluconeogenesis; Human; Liver|ME; Male
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0021-972X
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 7
from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Nocturnal oral glucose
supplementation. The effects on protein
metabolism in cirrhotic patients and in
healthy controls.
- Author
- Zillikens MC; van den Berg JW;
Wattimena JL; Rietveld T; Swart GR
- Address
- Department of Internal Medicine II,
University Hospital Dijkzigt, Rotterdam,
The Netherlands.
- Source
- J Hepatol, 1993 Mar, 17:3, 377-83
- Abstract
- Nocturnal glucose administration might
prevent gluconeogenesis and concomitant
protein loss due to hepatic glycogen
depletion. In this study the effects of
nocturnal oral glucose supplements on
nitrogen metabolism were investigated in
8 cirrhotic patients and in 8 healthy
controls. During the night, either
polymeric glucose was given or water as
placebo. In the patients with cirrhosis
on placebo, nitrogen balance was not
different from controls: -63 +/- 8 vs.
-55 +/- 4 mg N/kg b.wt./9 h (mean +/-
SEM). Cirrhotic patients had increased
nocturnal protein turnover rates
(measured with 15N-glycine) and
increased early morning levels of free
fatty acids (FFA), lactate, insulin,
glucagon and growth hormone. After
glucose, nitrogen balance improved by
36% in the cirrhotic group, with a
decrease in protein turnover rates and a
decrease in plasma levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate,
urea and glucagon. In the controls,
glucose had no effects on nitrogen
balance, on protein turnover or on the
hormone levels, except for reduced FFA
and ketone body levels. These data show
that nocturnal calorie supplements
improve nitrogen balance during the
night in cirrhotic patients but not in
healthy controls. Long interprandial
intervals should be avoided in cirrhotic
patients.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 93301428
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Glucose|*AD; Liver Cirrhosis|*DT/ME;
Liver Glycogen|*ME; Proteins|*ME
- MeSH Heading
- Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged;
Drug Administration Schedule; Female;
Human; Male; Middle Age; Nitrogen|ME/UR;
Pancreatic Hormones|ME; Polymers;
Reference Values; Somatotropin|ME
- Publication Type
- CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL
TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0168-8278
- Country of Publication
- IRELAND
Record 8
from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Glutamine supplementation of enteral
nutrition: impact on whole body protein
kinetics and glucose metabolism in
critically ill patients.
- Author
- Long CL; Nelson KM; DiRienzo DB; Weis
JK; Stahl RD; Broussard TD; Theus WL;
Clark JA; Pinson TW; Geiger JW; et al
- Address
- Department of Research, Carraway
Methodist Medical Center, Birmingham,
Alabama 35234, USA.
- Source
- JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1995
Nov, 19:6, 470-6
- Abstract
- BACKGROUND: Glutamine-supplemented
parenteral nutrition has been reported
to attenuate the early postoperative
reduction in intracellular glutamine and
improve protein synthesis and nitrogen
balance. We investigated the effect of
an enteral formula or protein and
glucose kinetics and nitrogen balance in
trauma patients. METHODS: The enteral
formula (AlitraQ) provided a mean intake
of 0.35 g of glutamine/kg body weight
per day to 16 trauma patients and was
compared with an isonitrogenous formula
that provided a mean of 0.05 g of
glutamine/kg body weight per day in 14
trauma patients. After 3 days of
feeding, protein kinetics were measured
using a 4-hour prime-continuous infusion
of L-[1-13C]leucine. Glucose kinetics
were measured during the same time
interval using prime-continuous infusion
of [U-14C]- and [6-3H]glucose. RESULTS:
Nitrogen balance was not significantly
different in the two groups. There were
no significant differences in protein
turnover, synthesis, and breakdown
between the two groups. There were no
significant differences in glucose
turnover, oxidation, recycling, and
percent of VCO2 from glucose oxidation
between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS:
Glutamine-enriched enteral formulas are
well tolerated by the severely injured
patient but provide no additional
nutritional advantage compared with
standard enteral formulas during the
first 3 days of feeding immediately
after trauma.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 96357432
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Critical Illness|*; Enteral
Nutrition|*; Glucose|AD/*ME;
Glutamine|*AD; Proteins|*ME
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Energy Intake; Female; Human;
Kinetics; Male; Methylhistidines|UR;
Middle Age; Nitrogen|ME;
Oxidation-Reduction; Support, Non-U.S.
Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0148-6071
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 9
from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Effects of epinephrine on human muscle
glucose and protein metabolism.
- Author
- Fryburg DA; Gelfand RA; Jahn LA;
Oliveras D; Sherwin RS; Sacca L; Barrett
EJ
- Address
- Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Virginia Health Science
Center, Charlottesville 22908.
- Source
- Am J Physiol, 1995 Jan, 268:1 Pt 1,
E55-9
- Abstract
- Systemic epinephrine infusion causes
hypoaminoacidemia and inhibits whole
body leucine flux (proteolysis) in
humans. Its specific action on muscle
protein is not known and is difficult to
assess during systemic epinephrine
infusions, which affect plasma insulin,
amino acid, and free fatty acid
concentrations. During a steady-state
infusion of
L-[ring-2,6-3H]phenylalanine, we
examined the effect of locally infused
epinephrine on the metabolism of protein
and glucose in forearm muscle of 10
healthy human volunteers. During local
epinephrine infusion, systemic
concentrations of glucose,
phenylalanine, insulin, and epinephrine
were unchanged and lactate declined (P
< 0.02). Compared with baseline,
epinephrine induced significant
increases in forearm blood flow (P <
0.01) and net lactate release (P <
0.001) and a decrease in glucose uptake
(P < 0.01) at both 2 and 4 h. At 2
and 4 h phenylalanine release from
muscle proteolysis was suppressed (P
< 0.01), and at 4 h the net
phenylalanine balance was less negative
than baseline (P < 0.02), indicating
an anticatabolic effect on muscle
protein. We conclude that in human
forearm muscle epinephrine, at
physiological concentrations, has a
catabolic effect on muscle glycogen but
an anticatabolic action on muscle
protein. The mechanism of this latter
effect is not known.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 95142164
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Epinephrine|BL/*PD; Glucose|*ME;
Muscle Proteins|*ME; Muscles|*ME
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Female; Forearm|BS; Human;
Insulin|BL; Lactates|BL/ME; Male;
Osmolar Concentration; Phenylalanine|BL/PK;
Regional Blood Flow|DE
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0002-9513
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 10
from database: MEDLINE
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full text for this document
- Title
- Involvement of phosphoinositide
3-kinase in insulin stimulation of MAP-kinase
and phosphorylation of protein kinase-B
in human skeletal muscle: implications
for glucose metabolism.
- Author
- Shepherd PR; Nave BT; Rincon J; Haigh
RJ; Foulstone E; Proud C; Zierath JR;
Siddle K; Wallberg Henriksson H
- Address
- Department of Biochemistry, University
College London, UK.
- Source
- Diabetologia, 1997 Oct, 40:10, 1172-7
- Abstract
- Isolated skeletal muscle from healthy
individuals was used to evaluate the
role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI
3-kinase) in insulin signalling pathways
regulating mitogen activated protein
kinase (MAP-kinase) and protein kinase-B
and to investigate whether MAP-kinase
was involved in signalling pathways
regulating glucose metabolism. Insulin
stimulated glycogen synthase activity
(approximately 1.7 fold), increased
3-o-methylglucose transport into human
skeletal muscle strips (approximately 2
fold) and stimulated phosphorylation of
the p42 ERK-2 isoform of MAP-kinase.
This phosphorylation of p42 ERK2 was not
blocked by the PI 3-kinase inhibitors
LY294002 and wortmannin although it was
blocked by the MAP-kinase kinase (MEK)
inhibitor PD 98059. However, PD98059 (up
to 20 micromol/l) did not block insulin
activation of glycogen synthase or
stimulation of 3-o-methylglucose
transport. Wortmannin and LY294002 did
block insulin stimulation of protein
kinase-B (PKB) phosphorylation and
stimulation of 3-o-methylglucose
transport was inhibited by wortmannin
(IC50 approximately 100 nmol/l). These
results indicate that MAP-kinase is
activated by insulin in human skeletal
muscle by a PI 3-kinase independent
pathway. Furthermore this activation is
not necessary for insulin stimulation of
glucose transport or activation of
glycogen synthase in this tissue.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 98007754
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full text for this document
- MeSH Heading (Major)
- p42 MAP Kinase|AI/AN/*ME; Enzyme
Inhibitors|*PD; Glycogen Synthase|AI/*ME;
Insulin|*PD; Muscle, Skeletal|DE/*EN/ME/PA;
Proto-Oncogene Proteins|AI/*ME;
1-Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase|AI/*ME;
3-O-Methylglucose|AI/*ME
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Androstadienes|PD; Chromones|PD;
Comparative Study; Dose-Response
Relationship, Drug; Flavones|PD; Human;
Male; Morpholines|PD; Phosphorylation;
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0012-186X
- Country of Publication
- GERMANY
Record 11 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Glucose metabolism and protein
synthesis in stratified squamous
epithelia from young and old mice.
- Author
- Hill MW; Karthigasan J
- Address
- Dows Institute for Dental Research,
University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242.
- Source
- Exp Gerontol, 1989, 24:4, 331-40
- Abstract
- Glucose metabolism in regionally
distinct epidermis and oral epithelia of
young adult and aged mice was studied
using 5-3H glucose and differentially
labelled 14C-glucose. The results
obtained with 3H-glucose indicate there
is active utilization of glucose by all
the epithelia examined. However, an
enhanced utilization of glucose was
observed in old ear epidermis when
compared to that in young mice. The
measurements of respiratory 14CO2 in the
young and old epidermis indicated that
aerobic glycolysis was significantly
greater in ear epidermis and buccal
epithelium from old than from young
mice. Pentose phosphate activity was
significantly reduced in palate
epithelium from old animals when
compared with that of young animals.
Incorporation of radioactively labelled
leucine and histidine revealed some
regional differences between the
epithelia examined. However, no
age-associated differences were observed
in any of the tissues. It is concluded
that the observed metabolic changes
reflect regionally specific adaptations
to local factors rather than
representing a programmed biological
event.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 90060268
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Aging|*ME; Epithelium|*ME;
Glucose|*ME; Proteins|*BI
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Epidermis|ME; Human; Mice;
Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mouth Mucosa|ME;
Rats; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0531-5565
- Country of Publication
- ENGLAND
Record 12 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Except for alanine, muscle protein
catabolism is not influenced by
alterations in glucose metabolism during
sepsis.
- Author
- Gore DC; Jahoor F; Hibbert J; DeMaria
EJ
- Address
- Department of Surgery, Medical College
of Virginia, Richmond, USA.
- Source
- Arch Surg, 1995 Nov, 130:11, 1171-6;
discussion 1176-7
- Abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To assess any relationship
between hyperglycemia and muscle protein
catabolism associated with critical
illness. DESIGN: Cohort analytic study.
SETTING: Clinical research center and
intensive care unit of a university
hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Six healthy
volunteers and five patients with severe
sepsis. INTERVENTIONS: Study subjects
were given infusions of 6,6,d2 glucose
and 15N lysine for 6 hours. After
infusion of the stable isotopes for 2
hours (basal period), dichloroacetate,
which accelerates pyruvate oxidation,
was given (dichloroacetate period). Leg
blood flow was measured by indocyanine
green dye dilution, and femoral artery
and vein substrate concentrations were
quantitated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The
metabolic rates of glucose production,
oxidation, and clearance; the whole-body
protein breakdown rate; and the net
efflux of amino acids from the leg were
determined. RESULTS: In comparison with
the healthy volunteers, septic patients
had significant elevations in glucose
production, oxidation, and clearance,
accelerated protein catabolism, and
greater net peripheral efflux of amino
acids. Dichloroacetate significantly
decreased glucose production and
increased the percentage of glucose
directed toward oxidation in both
healthy volunteers and septic patients.
However, this dichloroacetate-induced
perturbation of glucose utilization had
no significant effect on whole-body
protein breakdown or the efflux of
specific amino acids from the leg except
for alanine, whose net efflux doubled (P
< or = .05). CONCLUSIONS: The
findings of this study demonstrate a
universal acceleration in the metabolic
rates of both intermediary glucose
metabolism and protein/amino acid
catabolism during sepsis. Except for
alanine, however, there appears to be no
coupling between these two physiologic
responses to sepsis.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 96050547
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Alanine|*ME; Glucose|*ME; Muscle
Proteins|*ME; Sepsis|CO/*ME
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Aged; Case-Control Studies;
Cohort Studies; Female; Human;
Hyperglycemia|CO/ME; Male; Middle Age
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0004-0010
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 13
from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Protein and glucose metabolism during
isolated closed-head injury.
- Author
- Flakoll PJ; Wentzel LS; Hyman SA
- Address
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville,
Tennessee 37232, USA.
- Source
- Am J Physiol, 1995 Oct, 269:4 Pt 1,
E636-41
- Abstract
- Patients with isolated closed-head
injuries are characterized by excessive
nitrogen loss, hyperglycemia, and
increased caloric demand. However, the
relative contributions of specific
metabolic events such as protein
breakdown and synthesis or glucose
production and utilization to the
physiological changes prevalent during
isolated closed-head injury remains
unestablished. By use of isotopic
dilutions of L-[1-13C]leucine and
D-[3-3H]glucose, components of protein
and glucose metabolism were examined in
patients with isolated closed-head
injury (n = 7). Normal overnight-fasted
volunteers (n = 8) were also studied as
a reference point for comparison.
Despite prevailing hyperinsulinemia (29
+/- 5 microU/ml), head-injured patients
had elevated plasma leucine
concentrations (183 +/- 22 vs. 144 +/- 8
mumol/l), whole body proteolysis (331
+/- 44 vs. 150 +/- 7 mg.kg-1.h-1),
protein synthesis (248 +/- 38 vs. 126
+/- 11 mg.kg-1.h-1), and amino acid
oxidation (84 +/- 11 vs. 23 +/- 3
mg.kg-1.h-1). Therefore nitrogen loss
normally associated with isolated
closed-head injury is primarily due to
an increase in the rate of whole body
proteolysis, with a greater proportion
of the resultant amino acids being
oxidized for energy. Furthermore,
head-injured patients were hyperglycemic
(6.7 +/- 0.3 mumol/l) with increased
rates of glucose turnover (an estimate
of production and utilization) compared
with the controls (4.0 +/- 0.7 vs. 2.5
+/- 0.2 mg.kg-1.min-1). Hence, these
data suggest that head injury, even in
the absence of peripheral trauma,
induces a physiological state of
accelerated metabolism associated with
resistance to insulin action.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 96043387
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Blood Glucose|*ME; Blood Proteins|*ME;
Head Injuries|*BL
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Amino Acids|BL; Arteries;
Female; Forearm|BS; Hormones|BL; Human;
Kinetics; Male; Middle Age; Osmolar
Concentration; Support, U.S. Gov't,
P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0002-9513
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 14
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- Title
- The effect of insulin on glucose and
protein metabolism in the forearm of
cancer patients.
- Author
- Newman E; Heslin MJ; Wolf RF; Pisters
PW; Brennan MF
- Address
- Surgical Metabolism Laboratory,
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center,
New York, NY 10021.
- Source
- Surg Oncol, 1992 Aug, 1:4, 257-67
- Abstract
- This study was designed to study the
effect of systemic hyperinsulinaemia
(INS) on glucose and protein metabolism
in cancer patients. Sixteen cancer
patients (8 > 10% weight loss (WL); 8
< 10% weight loss (NWL)) were
compared with 12 healthy controls.
Glucose uptake (GU) and phenylalanine (PHE)
exchange kinetics were measured across
the forearm in the postabsorptive state
(PA) and in response to INS (71 +/- 5
microU ml-1). At steady state in
response to INS, the negative PA PHE net
balance became significantly positive,
and GU significantly increased, for
cancer and control groups, with no
significant differences between the two
groups. Subset analysis of NWL cancer
vs. WL cancer found no difference
between WL and NWL for the change in PHE
balance from PA and INS, however GU
increased significantly only for the NWL
group between PA and INS. These data
indicate that cancer patients are not
resistant to the anabolic effect of INS
on protein metabolism, regardless of
weight loss, but are resistant to the
effect of INS on glucose metabolism when
further along in the disease process as
evident by more significant weight loss.
This differential response to the effect
of INS can be exploited in an attempt to
promote protein accrual in weight-losing
cancer patients.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 94073456
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Blood Glucose|AN/DE/*ME; Carcinoma,
Non-Small-Cell Lung|*BL/DT; Forearm|*PH;
Gastrointestinal Neoplasms|*BL/DT;
Insulin|*AD; Lung Neoplasms|*BL/DT;
Muscle Proteins|*BL/DE
- MeSH Heading
- Aged; Amino Acids|BL/DE; Comparative
Study; Drug Evaluation; Female; Human;
Hyperinsulinism|BL; Insulin Resistance;
Male; Middle Age; Support, Non-U.S.
Gov't; Weight Loss|DE
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0960-7404
- Country of Publication
- ENGLAND
Record 15
from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Glucose metabolism, insulin-like
growth factor-I, and insulin-like growth
factor-binding protein-1 after alcohol
withdrawal.
- Author
- Passilta M; Kervinen K; Kesäniemi YA
- Address
- Department of Internal Medicine and
Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu,
Finland.
- Source
- Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 1999 Mar, 23:3,
471-5
- Abstract
- Alcohol abusers often present with
deteriorated glucose metabolism and
insulin resistance. Changes in other
glucoregulators, such as insulin-like
growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding
protein-1 (IGFBP-1) may also be related
to alcohol abuse. We studied the effects
of alcohol withdrawal on blood glucose,
serum insulin and C-peptide, and plasma
IGF-I and IGFBP-1 levels in 27
noncirrhotic male alcoholics aged 43 +/-
9.0 (mean +/- SD) years on four
consecutive days immediately after
withdrawal. A 4-day monitoring period
was conducted in four healthy
nonalcoholic control men. The groups
were similar in age and body mass index.
Glucose, insulin, IGF-I, and IGFBP-1 did
not differ significantly between the
groups at the baseline, but C-peptide
was higher in alcoholics (p < 0.01).
After alcohol withdrawal, serum insulin
and C-peptide levels increased in close
correlation with each other (r = 0.82, p
< 0.001). During the 4-day
observation period in alcoholics,
IGFBP-1 levels declined by 59%, whereas
IGF-I increased by 41% (p < 0.001 for
both comparisons). The change in insulin
correlated inversely with the change in
IGFBP-1 levels (r = -0.39, p < 0.05).
In the control group, glucose, insulin,
IGF-I, and IGFBP-1 remained unchanged
during the 4-day monitoring period,
whereas some reduction was observed in
C-peptide. In conclusion, alcohol
withdrawal enhances insulin production,
as seen in increased C-peptide levels.
An inverse correlation between the
changes in insulin and that in IGFBP-1
might suggest that inhibition of IGFBP-1
by insulin remains largely unchanged
during the acute phase of alcohol
withdrawal.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99210195
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Blood Glucose|*ME; Ethanol|*AE;
Insulin-Like Growth Factor I|*ME;
Insulin-Like Growth-Factor Binding
Protein 1|*ME; Substance Withdrawal
Syndrome|BL/*ME
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Body Mass Index; C-Peptide|BL;
Human; Insulin|BL; Male; Middle Age;
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0145-6008
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 16
from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Defective insulin action on protein
and glucose metabolism during chronic
hyperinsulinemia in subjects with benign
insulinoma.
- Author
- Battezzati A; Terruzzi I; Perseghin G;
Bianchi E; Di Carlo V; Pozza G; Luzi L
- Address
- Division of
Endocrinology-Hypertension, Brigham and
Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
USA.
- Source
- Diabetes, 1995 Jul, 44:7, 837-44
- Abstract
- The ability of chronic endogenous
hyperinsulinemia to induce a resistance
to insulin action on protein and glucose
metabolism was studied in 10 subjects
affected by a benign (functioning)
insulinoma and 18 healthy subjects by
means of infusions of [1-(14)C]leucine
and [3-(3)H] glucose. The insulinoma
subjects were divided into two groups
with moderate (139 +/- 12 pmol/l) (n =
5) and marked (438 +/- 42 pmol/l) (n =
5) hyperinsulinemia and were studied
during a euglycemic dextrose infusion.
Control subjects were studied
postabsorptively and during a low-dose
(0.3 mU.kg-1.min-1) (n = 3) and a
high-dose (1 mU.kg-1.min-1) (n = 15)
euglycemic insulin clamp to match
peripheral insulin concentrations with
those of insulinoma subjects. In
insulinoma subjects there was no
correlation among plasma insulin
concentration and leucine concentration
(r = 0.05), endogenous leucine flux (r =
0.44), hepatic glucose production (r =
0.47), and glucose uptake (r = 0.05).
Insulinoma subjects with marked
hyperinsulinemia demonstrated a
defective suppression of leucine
concentrations (100 +/- 11 vs. 65 +/- 5
mumol/l, P < 0.01), endogenous
leucine flux (50.1 +/- 6.3 vs. 27.1 +/-
0.9 mumol.m-2.min-1, P < 0.01), and
hepatic glucose production (5.4 +/- 2.0
vs. 0.6 +/- 0.6 mumol.kg-1.min-1, P <
0.05), and a defective stimulation of
glucose uptake (13.5 +/- 1.6 vs. 41.1
+/- 2.8 mumol.kg-1.min-1, P < 0.001)
with respect to normal subjects at a
comparable degree of
hyperinsulinemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
250 WORDS)
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 95309554
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Blood Glucose|DE/*ME; Glucose|*ME;
Hyperinsulinism|BL/*ME; Insulin|BL/*PD;
Insulinoma|BL/*ME; Pancreatic
Neoplasms|BL/*ME; Proteins|*ME
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Carbon Radioisotopes; Chronic
Disease; Comparative Study; Glucose
Clamp Technique; Human; Keto Acids|ME;
Leucine|ME; Liver|ME; Middle Age;
Radioisotope Dilution Technique;
Reference Values; Support, Non-U.S.
Gov't; Tritium
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0012-1797
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 17
from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Insulin sensitivity of protein and
glucose metabolism in human forearm
skeletal muscle.
- Author
- Louard RJ; Fryburg DA; Gelfand RA;
Barrett EJ
- Address
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale
University School of Medicine, New
Haven, Connecticut 06510.
- Source
- J Clin Invest, 1992 Dec, 90:6, 2348-54
- Abstract
- Physiologic increases of insulin
promote net amino acid uptake and
protein anabolism in forearm skeletal
muscle by restraining protein
degradation. The sensitivity of this
process to insulin is not known. Using
the forearm perfusion method, we infused
insulin locally in the brachial artery
at rates of 0.00 (saline control), 0.01,
0.02, 0.035, or 0.05 mU/min per kg for
150 min to increase local forearm plasma
insulin concentration by 0,
approximately 20, approximately 35,
approximately 60, and approximately 120
microU/ml (n = 35).
L-[ring-2,6-3H]phenylalanine and
L-[1-14C]leucine were infused
systemically, and the net forearm
balance, rate of appearance (Ra) and
rate of disposal (R(d)) of phenylalanine
and leucine, and forearm glucose balance
were measured basally and in response to
insulin infusion. Compared to saline,
increasing rates of insulin infusion
progressively increased net forearm
glucose uptake from 0.9 mumol/min per
100 ml (saline) to 1.0, 1.8, 2.4, and
4.7 mumol/min per 100 ml forearm,
respectively. Net forearm balance for
phenylalanine and leucine was
significantly less negative than basal
(P < 0.01 for each) in response to
the lowest dose insulin infusion, 0.01
mU/min per kg, and all higher rates of
insulin infusion. Phenylalanine and
leucine R(a) declined by approximately
38 and 40% with the lowest dose insulin
infusion. Higher doses of insulin
produced no greater effect (decline in
R(a) varied between 26 and 42% for
phenylalanine and 30-50% for leucine).
In contrast, R(d) for phenylalanine and
leucine did not change with insulin. We
conclude that even modest increases of
plasma insulin can markedly suppress
proteolysis, measured by phenylalanine
R(a), in human forearm skeletal muscle.
Further increments of insulin within the
physiologic range augment glucose uptake
but have little additional effect on
phenylalanine R(a) or balance. These
results suggest that proteolysis in
human skeletal muscle is more sensitive
than glucose uptake to physiologic
increments in insulin.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 93107318
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Glucose|*ME; Insulin|*PD; Muscle
Proteins|*ME; Muscles|*ME
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Amino Acids|ME; Arm; Female;
Human; Leucine|ME; Male;
Phenylalanine|ME; Regional Blood Flow
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0021-9738
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 18
from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Protein-metabolism kinetics and
energy-substrate utilization in infants
fed parenteral solutions with different
glucose-fat ratios [see comments]
- Author
- Bresson JL; Bader B; Rocchiccioli F;
Mariotti A; Ricour C; Sachs C; Rey J
- Address
- DÆepartement de PÆediatrie, HÈopital
des Enfants Malades, Paris, France.
- Source
- Am J Clin Nutr, 1991 Aug, 54:2, 370-6
- Abstract
- The relative effect of glucose and
lipids on whole-body protein-metabolism
kinetics was assessed in seven infants
undergoing parenteral feeding. Protein
intake was kept constant and nonprotein
energy was either provided as glucose
alone or as an isoenergetic
glucose-lipid mixture according to a
randomized crossover trial. Protein
metabolism and energy-substrate
utilization were assessed by a primed,
constant L-[13C]leucine infusion,
combined with indirect calorimetry.
There was a significant difference in
the pattern of energy-substrate
utilization according to regime. Protein
turnover (11.3 +/- 0.7 vs 9.8 +/- 0.4
g.kg-1.d-1; P less than 0.05), protein
breakdown (8.4 +/- 0.6 vs 7.1 +/- 0.4
g.kg-1.d-1; P less than 0.05), and amino
acid oxidation rates (2.7 +/- 0.4 vs 1.4
+/- 0.5 g.kg-1.d-1; P less than 0.05)
were higher for the glucose than the
glucose-lipid treatment, whereas
protein-synthesis rates did not
significantly differ. These results
suggest that the nature of energy
substrates delivered to parenterally fed
infants may affect protein metabolism.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 91314492
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Energy Metabolism|*; Glucose|*AD;
Lipids|*AD; Parenteral Nutrition|*;
Proteins|*ME
- MeSH Heading
- Calorimetry, Indirect; Fatty Acids,
Nonesterified|BL; Human; Infant; Infant,
Newborn; Keto Acids|BL; Kinetics;
Leucine|BL; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE;
RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
- ISSN
- 0002-9165
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 19
from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Effects of dietary protein restriction
on glucose and insulin metabolism in
normal and diabetic humans.
- Author
- Larivière F; Chiasson JL; Schiffrin
A; Taveroff A; Hoffer LJ
- Address
- McGill Nutrition and Food Science
Centre, McGill University, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada.
- Source
- Metabolism, 1994 Apr, 43:4, 462-7
- Abstract
- We determined whether the amount of
protein in the diet can affect insulin
requirements in subjects with diabetes
mellitus and glucose metabolism in
normal subjects. Seven normal-weight
volunteers with uncomplicated,
intensively controlled, type I
(insulin-dependent) diabetes and 12
similar nondiabetic subjects were
studied on a metabolic ward before and
after consuming a maintenance-energy but
protein-free diet for 10 days. Blood
glucose levels of diabetic subjects were
measured seven times daily in response
to insulin administration by continuous
subcutaneous infusion. The plasma
glucose appearance rate (Ra) was
measured in seven normal subjects and
all diabetic subjects using a
primed-continuous infusion of
D-[6,6-2H2]glucose. After adaptation to
the protein-restricted diet, diabetic
subjects experienced a 30% decrease in
average preprandial and average daily
blood glucose concentrations (P <
.01); this occurred despite a concurrent
25% decrease in both basal and bolus
insulin dosages (P < .001). Protein
restriction decreased the postabsorptive
glucose Ra (P < .05) and insulin
concentrations (P < .01) of normal
subjects by 20%, and increased their
fasting glucagon concentrations by 24%
(P < .01). We conclude that severe
protein restriction decreases insulin
requirements in type I diabetes and
fasting hepatic glucose output and basal
insulin levels in normal subjects. This
effect appears to be mediated in part by
decreased hepatic gluconeogenesis, but a
contributory influence of increased
insulin sensitivity is not ruled out.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 94211139
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Blood Glucose|*ME; Diabetes Mellitus,
Insulin-Dependent|*BL; Dietary
Proteins|AD/*PD; Insulin|*BL
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Human; Male; Support, Non-U.S.
Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0026-0495
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 20
from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Protein: metabolism and effect on
blood glucose levels.
- Author
- Franz MJ
- Address
- International Diabetes Center,
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55416, USA.
- Source
- Diabetes Educ, 1997 Nov, 23:6, 643-6,
648, 650-1
- Abstract
- Insulin is required for carbohydrate,
fat, and protein to be metabolized. With
respect to carbohydrate from a clinical
standpoint, the major determinate of the
glycemic response is the total amount of
carbohydrate ingested rather than the
source of the carbohydrate. This fact is
the basic principle of carbohydrate
counting for meal planning. Fat has
little, if any, effect on blood glucose
levels, although a high fat intake does
appear to contribute to insulin
resistance. Protein has a minimal effect
on blood glucose levels with adequate
insulin. However, with insulin
deficiency, gluconeogenesis proceeds
rapidly and contributes to an elevated
blood glucose level. With adequate
insulin, the blood glucose response in
persons with diabetes would be expected
to be similar to the blood glucose
response in persons without diabetes.
The reason why protein does not increase
blood glucose levels is unclear. Several
possibilities might explain the
response: a slow conversion of protein
to glucose, less protein being converted
to glucose and released than previously
thought, glucose from protein being
incorporated into hepatic glycogen
stores but not increasing the rate of
hepatic glucose release, or because the
process of gluconeogenesis from protein
occurs over a period of hours and
glucose can be disposed of if presented
for utilization slowly and evenly over a
long time period.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 98077929
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Blood Glucose|*ME; Diabetes Mellitus,
Insulin-Dependent|*ME; Diabetes
Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent|*ME;
Dietary Proteins|*ME/PD
- MeSH Heading
- Dietary Carbohydrates|ME; Dietary
Fats|ME; Human
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW,
TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0145-7217
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 21
from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- The effect of a low protein diet with
amino acid/keto acid supplements on
glucose metabolism in children with
uremia.
- Author
- Mak RH; Turner C; Thompson T; Haycock
G; Chantler C
- Address
-
- Source
- J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1986 Oct,
63:4, 985-9
- Abstract
- Six children with chronic renal
failure were treated with dietary
protein restriction and essential amino
acid and keto acid supplements for 6
months. Dietary protein and phosphate
intake decreased, dietary calcium
increased, and dietary carbohydrate and
energy did not change. Plasma urea and
urea to creatinine ratio decreased
significantly during treatment. Glucose
metabolism was studied before and after
6 months of treatment using the
hyperglycemic clamp technique. Fasting
hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, and
insulin resistance improved during
treatment, while fasting insulin and
insulin levels during hyperglycemia did
not change. These metabolic changes were
not related to hyperparathyroidism and
were probably due to reduction in
nitrogen toxicity.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 86304859
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Amino Acids, Essential|*AD; Dietary
Proteins|*AD; Glucose|*ME; Keto
Acids|*AD; Uremia|*DH/ME
- MeSH Heading
- Adolescence; Child; Female; Human;
Male; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0021-972X
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 22
from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Testosterone treatment in adolescents
with delayed puberty: changes in body
composition, protein, fat, and glucose
metabolism.
- Author
- Arslanian S; Suprasongsin C
- Address
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology,
Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus,
Children's Hospital, University of
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
arslans@chplink.chp.edu
- Source
- J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1997 Oct,
82:10, 3213-20
- Abstract
- Previously, we demonstrated decreased
protein breakdown and insulin resistance
in pubertal adolescents compared with
prepubertal children. Puberty-related
increases in sex steroids and/or GH
could be potentially responsible. In the
present study, the effects of 4 months
of testosterone enanthate (50 mg in
every 2 weeks) on body composition,
protein, fat, and glucose metabolism and
insulin sensitivity were evaluated in
adolescents with delayed puberty. Body
composition was assessed by
H218O-dilution principle. Protein
breakdown, oxidation, and synthesis were
measured during primed constant infusion
of [1-13C]leucine. Whole-body lipolysis
was measured during primed constant
infusion of [2H5]glycerol. Insulin
action in suppressing proteolysis and
lipolysis and stimulating glucose
disposal was assessed during a stepwise
hyperinsulinemic (10 and 40 mU-m2.min)
euglycemic clamp. Fat and glucose
oxidation rates were calculated from
indirect calorimetry measurements. After
4 months of testosterone treatment,
height, weight, and fat free mass (FFM)
increased and fat mass, percent body
fat, plasma cholesterol, high- and
low-density lipoproteins, and leptin
levels decreased significantly.
Whole-body proteolysis and protein
oxidation were lower after testosterone
treatment (proteolysis, 0.49 +/- 0.03 vs
0.54 +/- 0.04 g.h.kg FFM, P = 0.032;
oxidation, 0.05 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.09 +/-
0.01 g.h.kg FFM, P = 0.015). Protein
synthesis was not different, and resting
energy expenditure was not different.
Total body lipolysis was not affected by
testosterone treatment, however, fat
oxidation was higher after testosterone
(pre-: 2.4 +/- 0.7 vs. post-: 3.5 +/-
0.7 mumol.kg.min, P = 0.031). During the
40 mU.m2.min hyperinsulinemia, insulin
sensitivity of glucose metabolism was
not affected with testosterone therapy
(59.1 +/- 8.8 vs. 57.1 +/- 8.2
mumol.kg.min per muU/mL). However,
metabolic clearance rate of insulin was
higher posttestosterone (13.6 +/- 1.1
vs. 16.7 +/- 0.8 mL.kg.min, P = 0.004).
In conclusion, after 4 months of
low-dose testosterone treatment in
adolescents with delayed puberty 1) FFM
increases and fat mass and leptin levels
decrease; 2) postabsorptive proteolysis
and protein oxidation decrease; 3) fat
oxidation increases; and 4) insulin
sensitivity in glucose metabolism does
not change, whereas insulin clearance
increases. These longitudinal
observations are in agreement with our
previous cross-sectional studies of
puberty and demonstrate sparing of
protein breakdown of approximately 1.2
g.kg.day FFM, wasting of fat mass, but
no change in insulin sensitivity after
short periods of low-dose testosterone
supplementation.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 97469924
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Body Composition|*DE; Puberty,
Delayed|*DT/*ME/PA; Testosterone|*TU
- MeSH Heading
- Adolescence; Fats|ME; Glucose|ME;
Human; Hyperinsulinism|ME; Longitudinal
Studies; Male; Oxidation-Reduction|DE;
Proteins|ME; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;
Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0021-972X
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 23
from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Dissociation of the effects of
epinephrine and insulin on glucose and
protein metabolism.
- Author
- Castellino P; Luzi L; Del Prato S;
DeFronzo RA
- Address
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas
Health Science Center, San Antonio
78284.
- Source
- Am J Physiol, 1990 Jan, 258:1 Pt 1,
E117-25
- Abstract
- The separate and combined effects of
insulin and epinephrine on leucine
metabolism were examined in healthy
young volunteers. Subjects participated
in four experimental protocols: 1)
euglycemic insulin clamp (+80 microU/ml),
2) epinephrine infusion (50
ng.kg-1.min-1) plus somatostatin with
basal replacement of insulin and
glucagon, 3) combined epinephrine (50
ng.kg-1.min-1) plus insulin (+80 microU/ml)
infusion, and 4) epinephrine and
somatostatin as in study 2 plus basal
amino acid replacement. Studies were
performed with a prime-continuous
infusion of [1-14C]leucine and indirect
calorimetry. Our results indicate that
1) hyperinsulinemia causes a generalized
decrease in plasma amino acid
concentrations, including leucine; 2)
the reduction in plasma leucine
concentration is primarily due to an
inhibition of endogenous leucine flux;
nonoxidative leucine disposal decreases
after insulin infusion; 3) epinephrine,
without change in plasma insulin
concentration, reduces plasma amino acid
levels; 4) combined epinephrine-insulin
infusion causes a greater decrease in
plasma amino levels than observed with
either hormone alone; this is because of
a greater inhibition of endogenous
leucine flux; and 5) when basal amino
acid concentrations are maintained
constant with a balanced amino acid
infusion, epinephrine inhibits the
endogenous leucine flux. In conclusion,
the present results do not provide
support for the concept that epinephrine
is a catabolic hormone with respect to
amino acid-protein metabolism. In
contrast, epinephrine markedly inhibits
insulin-mediated glucose metabolism.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 90145070
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Blood Glucose|*ME; Epinephrine|AD/BL/*PD;
Insulin|BL/*PD; Leucine|BL/*ME;
Proteins|*ME
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Amino Acids|BL; Bicarbonates|ME;
C-Peptide|BL; Carbon Dioxide|AN; Carbon
Radioisotopes; Glucagon|BL; Glucose
Clamp Technique; Human; Infusions,
Intravenous; Insulin Infusion Systems;
Oxidation-Reduction; Radioisotope
Dilution Technique; Respiration;
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0002-9513
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 24
from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Interrelationships of glucose and
protein metabolism in obese adolescents
during short-term hypocaloric dietary
therapy.
- Author
- Dietz WH Jr; Wolfe RR
- Address
-
- Source
- Am J Clin Nutr, 1985 Sep, 42:3, 380-90
- Abstract
- We studied the interrelationship of
nitrogen balance (N-bal) and rates of
glucose appearance (Ra), determined
isotopically using U-13C-glucose, in 14
obese adolescents consuming either (1.5
g protein and 1.0 g glucose)/kg ideal
body weight/day or an isonitrogenous
diet made isocaloric with fat. Nitrogen
balance was significantly (p less than
.01) more positive with added glucose.
Changes in plasma insulin, free fatty
acids, or beta-hydroxybutyrate did not
reliably predict N-bal. The Ra of
glucose decreased significantly on both
diets, but was significantly lower (p
less than .001) after the addition of
fat. A significant correlation of N-bal
with Ra (r = 0.70, p less than .01) was
observed only in the absence of dietary
glucose. Insulin levels correlated with
N-bal only in the presence of dietary
glucose (r = 0.72, p less than .01).
Nitrogen balance in the absence of
dietary carbohydrate may be a
consequence of net peripheral protein
catabolism that is not directly mediated
by the need for gluconeogenic
precursors.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 85303960
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Diet, Reducing|*; Glucose|AD/*ME;
Obesity|*ME; Proteins|*ME
- MeSH Heading
- Adolescence; Body Weight; Child;
Dietary Fats|AD; Dietary Proteins|AD;
Female; Human; Insulin|BL; Male;
Mathematics; Nitrogen|ME; Support,
Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't,
P.H.S.; Time Factors
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0002-9165
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 25
from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Effect of glucose supplement timing on
protein metabolism after resistance
training.
- Author
- Roy BD; Tarnopolsky MA; MacDougall JD;
Fowles J; Yarasheski KE
- Address
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster
University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
- Source
- J Appl Physiol, 1997 Jun, 82:6, 1882-8
- Abstract
- We determined the effect of the timing
of glucose supplementation on fractional
muscle protein synthetic rate (FSR),
urinary urea excretion, and whole body
and myofibrillar protein degradation
after resistance exercise. Eight healthy
men performed unilateral knee extensor
exercise (8 sets/approximately 10
repetitions/approximately 85% of 1
single maximal repetition). They
received a carbohydrate (CHO) supplement
(1 g/kg) or placebo (Pl) immediately (t
= 0 h) and 1 h (t = +1 h) postexercise.
FSR was determined for exercised (Ex)
and control (Con) limbs by incremental
L-[1-13C]leucine enrichment into the
vastus lateralis over approximately 10 h
postexercise. Insulin was greater (P
< 0.01) at 0.5, 0.75, 1.25, 1.5,
1.75, and 2 h, and glucose was greater
(P < 0.05) at 0.5 and 0.75 h for CHO
compared with Pl condition. FSR was
36.1% greater in the CHO/Ex leg than in
the CHO/Con leg (P = not significant)
and 6.3% greater in the Pl/Ex leg than
in the Pl/Con leg (P = not significant).
3-Methylhistidine excretion was lower in
the CHO (110.43 +/- 3.62 mumol/g
creatinine) than P1 condition (120.14
+/- 5.82, P < 0.05) as was urinary
urea nitrogen (8.60 +/- 0.66 vs. 12.28
+/- 1.84 g/g creatinine, P < 0.05).
This suggests that CHO supplementation
(1 g/kg) immediately and 1 h after
resistance exercise can decrease
myofibrillar protein breakdown and
urinary urea excretion, resulting in a
more positive body protein balance.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 97350078
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Glucose|*AD/PD; Muscle Proteins|*ME;
Physical Fitness|*
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Blood Glucose|AN; Creatinine|UR;
Human; Keto Acids|BL; Male; Support,
Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't,
P.H.S.; Time Factors
- Publication Type
- CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL
TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 8750-7587
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 26
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- Title
- Nocturnal oral glucose
supplementation. The effects on protein
metabolism in cirrhotic patients and in
healthy controls.
- Author
- Zillikens MC; van den Berg JW;
Wattimena JL; Rietveld T; Swart GR
- Address
- Department of Internal Medicine II,
University Hospital Dijkzigt, Rotterdam,
The Netherlands.
- Source
- J Hepatol, 1993 Mar, 17:3, 377-83
- Abstract
- Nocturnal glucose administration might
prevent gluconeogenesis and concomitant
protein loss due to hepatic glycogen
depletion. In this study the effects of
nocturnal oral glucose supplements on
nitrogen metabolism were investigated in
8 cirrhotic patients and in 8 healthy
controls. During the night, either
polymeric glucose was given or water as
placebo. In the patients with cirrhosis
on placebo, nitrogen balance was not
different from controls: -63 +/- 8 vs.
-55 +/- 4 mg N/kg b.wt./9 h (mean +/-
SEM). Cirrhotic patients had increased
nocturnal protein turnover rates
(measured with 15N-glycine) and
increased early morning levels of free
fatty acids (FFA), lactate, insulin,
glucagon and growth hormone. After
glucose, nitrogen balance improved by
36% in the cirrhotic group, with a
decrease in protein turnover rates and a
decrease in plasma levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate,
urea and glucagon. In the controls,
glucose had no effects on nitrogen
balance, on protein turnover or on the
hormone levels, except for reduced FFA
and ketone body levels. These data show
that nocturnal calorie supplements
improve nitrogen balance during the
night in cirrhotic patients but not in
healthy controls. Long interprandial
intervals should be avoided in cirrhotic
patients.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 93301428
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Glucose|*AD; Liver Cirrhosis|*DT/ME;
Liver Glycogen|*ME; Proteins|*ME
- MeSH Heading
- Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged;
Drug Administration Schedule; Female;
Human; Male; Middle Age; Nitrogen|ME/UR;
Pancreatic Hormones|ME; Polymers;
Reference Values; Somatotropin|ME
- Publication Type
- CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL
TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0168-8278
- Country of Publication
- IRELAND
Record 27
from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Low protein diet in uremia: effects on
glucose metabolism and energy production
rate.
- Author
- Rigalleau V; Combe C; Blanchetier V;
Aubertin J; Aparicio M; Gin H
- Address
- Clinique MÆedicale and Service de NÆephrologie,
HÈopital Pellegrin-Tripode, Bordeaux,
France.
- Source
- Kidney Int, 1997 Apr, 51:4, 1222-7
- Abstract
- Low-protein diets (LPD) increase
insulin-mediated glucose disposal in
chronic renal failure (CRF), but the
fate of the better utilized glucose and
the effect on energy production rate are
unknown. Using a two-step (1 and 5 mU x
kg(-1) x min(-1)) euglycemic
hyperinsulinemic clamp combined with
indirect calorimetry, we studied the
effects of a LPD (0.3 g x kg(-1) x
day(-1), supplemented with essential
amino acids and ketoanalogs) in six
patients suffering from chronic renal
failure. After three months of diet, no
significant change was observed
concerning glomerular filtration rate,
body wt, or arterial pH. In the
postabsorptive state, plasma glucose and
insulin levels were significantly lower,
and energy production rose from 15.72
+/- 0.48 to 17.16 +/- 0.67 Cal x kg(-1)
x min(-1) (P < 0.05).
Insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation
(2.36 +/- 0.29 vs. 3.37 +/- 0.35 mg x
kg(-1) x min(-1); P < 0.05 at first
clamp step) and nonoxidative disposal (P
< 0.05 at both clamp steps) increased
after LPD. This confirms that LPD
ameliorates insulin sensitivity in CRF,
even for low plasma insulin
concentrations. Since energy production
rate is increased by LPD, the caloric
intake should be increased when protein
intake is restricted.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 97236594
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Diet, Protein-Restricted|*;
Glucose|*ME; Uremia|*DH/*ME
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Energy Intake; Energy
Metabolism; Female; Glucose Clamp
Technique; Human; Insulin|AD/ME; Insulin
Resistance|PH; Kidney Failure,
Chronic|DH/ME; Male; Middle Age;
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0085-2538
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
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