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1. The Element Germanium : Historical Background


    Since its discovery, the  history of germanium (atomic number 32, atomic weight 72.60,
density 5.36) has been full of interesting epodes. The existence of the germanium element was foreseen about 100 years ago by the Russian chemist, Omitri Mendeleev. Mendeleev, the proponent of the periodic law (A chemical law which states that the properties of the
elements are periodic functions of their atomic weights) not only listed the properties of
the then known elements but also theorized the existence of several undiscovered elements. In his periodic table, which he used to illustrate the law, he left certain gaps for the yet to be
discovered elements the 32nd column was for an element whose properties he predicted
referred to as "ekasilicon." Mendeleev's theory of new  elements proved correct. They began
to appear with qualities remarkable similar to those which he  predicted: Two appeared soon
after he announced the law gallium in 1875 and scandium in 1879.

    In 1886, a German chemist, Clemens Winkler, while making a chemical analysis of the ore argyrodite, noticed on completion of his analysis that the sum of all the ingredients did not add up to the original quantity. At first he attributed this to some substance that escaped in the vapor produced with the ore which was being heated with chlorine ions in an acid solution. In efforts to locate the missing substance, he developed and experimented with several assays until he eventually succeeded in isolating it. In subsequent analyses he discovered that it fitted the description of the element Mendeleev had earlier called "ekasilicon." Winkler decided to name the new element germanium, in tribute to his fatherland.

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