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Record 1
from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Heavy metal levels and delta-amino-levulinic
acid dehydrase levels in peripheral
polyneuropathy.
- Author
- Melgaard B; Clausen J; Rastogi SC
- Address
-
- Source
- Acta Neurol Scand, 1976 Apr, 53:4,
291-307
- Abstract
- On the basis of assay of heavy metals
in whole blood (lead, cadimum, chromium,
copper, nickel and manganese) and
delta-amino-levulinic-acid dehydrase
(ALA-D) and ALA in urine in a normal
Danish population, the levels of these
clinco-chemical factors were assayed in
23 patients with peripheral neuropathy
of unknown etiology. All patients
studied showed electro-physiological
sign of denervation and/or reduced motor
or sensoric nerve conduction velocity.
Cadmium and manganese were never found
to be increased. In all but four
patients, an increase of one or more
heavy metals was found. Ten patients
showed raised levels of two or more
metals, the dominant metal being lead
(10 cases), nine patients showed
increased in chromium. A significant
corrleation was found between increasing
lead levels and decreasing ALA-D
activity. Although normal concentrations
of manganese were found, correlation
analysis revealed a significant
correlation between increased manganese
and decreased ALA-D. The raised values
of heavy metals could not be traced to
occupational or other exposure to heavy
metals and the increased values were not
related to tobacco consumption. The
findings are discussed in relation to
known data on neuropathy and the results
seem to indicate a multifactorial
patholgenesis of the disease. Among
factors contributing to the
precipitation of the syndrome may be
raised levels of heavy metals.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 76181095
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Hydro-Lyases|*BL; Metals|*BL;
Peripheral Nervous System
Diseases|*BL/EN; Porphobilinogen
Synthase|*BL
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Aged; Aminolevulinic Acid|UR;
Cadmium|BL; Chromium|BL; Copper|BL;
Female; Human; Lead|BL; Male;
Manganese|BL; Middle Age; Nickel|BL
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0001-6314
- Country of Publication
- DENMARK
Record 2 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Arsenic exposure in multiple
environmental media in children near a
smelter.
- Author
- Morse DL; Harrington JM; Housworth J;
Landrigan PJ; Kelter A
- Address
-
- Source
- Clin Toxicol, 1979 Apr, 14:4, 389-99
- Abstract
- A nationwide survey of heavy-metal
exposure in children living near primary
nonferrous metal smelters demonstrated
high urine arsenic levels in children
living near a copper smelter in Ajo,
Arizona. Airborne smelter emissions and
drinking water were the apparent sources
of exposure. To determine whether
increased arsenic absorption had
produced adverse health effects, we
conducted an evaluation of 132 Ajo
children 5 to 18 years old and compared
results with those of 47 children from a
comparison town with low arsenic
exposure. Environmental testing showed
that Ajo's municipal water supply
contained arsenic in concentrations of
0.09 mg/l (the EPA standard is 0.05
mg/l); arsenic concentrations in dust
averaged 342.2 microgram/g. Urine
arsenic levels in Ajo children
correlated positively with amount of
tap-water consumed (r = .32, p less
than. 0002) and with distance of
residence from the smelter (r = .20, p
less than .02). Tap-water drinkers had
significantly higher urine arsenic
levels than bottled water drinkers (t =
4.21 p less than .001). Mean urine
arsenic levels were significantly higher
for children in Ajo (4.75 microgram/100
ml) than for children in the comparison
town (1.17 microgram/100 ml). Hair
arsenic levels correlated poorly with
arsenic exposure. Despite the study
population's chronic exposure to
elevated environmental levels of
arsenic, no clinical or hematologic
abnormalities attributable to arsenic
were found.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 79235335
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Arsenic|*AN/PO/UR; Metallurgy|*
- MeSH Heading
- Adolescence; Arizona; Body Burden;
Child; Child, Preschool; Copper; Dust|AN;
Environmental Exposure; Hair|AN; Human;
Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Water
Supply|AN
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0009-9309
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 3 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Application of covalent affinity
chromatography with thiol-disulphide
interchange for determination of
environmental exposition to heavy metals
based on the quantitative determination
of Zn-thionein from physiological human
fluids by indirect method based on
analysis of metal contents.
- Author
- Kabzinski AK
- Address
- University of LÆodÆz, Department of
General and Inorganic Chemistry, Poland.
- Source
- Biomed Chromatogr, 1998 Sep, 12:5,
281-90
- Abstract
- Intoxication with heavy metals results
in numerous poisonings and diseases.
They disturb metabolism of the system,
are the source of cancer, degeneration
changes and others. As a result of
kidney damage the urine of people
exposed to heavy metals contains
different low molecular weight proteins,
oligopeptides and amino acids,
indicating pathological changes. One of
the proteins is a very specific
metallopolythiopolypeptide--metallothionein
(MT). Based on earlier investigations, a
very good correlations has been found
between the contents of metallothionein
in urine and plasma and the
concentration of heavy metals in the
blood, urine, kidneys, liver and brain
and general in level of exposition to
heavy metals. The aim of our
investigations was to carry out
quantitative isolation of Zn-thionein
(Zn-Th), in order to determine the level
of exposition to heavy metals. For Zn-Th
protein isolation by covalent affinity
chromatography with thiol-disulphide
interchange (CAC-TDI) was applied, which
is a modern technique of separation of a
high affinity, good repeatability and
reproducibility, allowing specific
isolation of the thiol-proteins CAC-TDI
gel was used as a solid-phase extraction
(SPE) support for preconcentration of
Zn-Th protein and Zn bonded with Zn-Th
from water, rine, plasma and breast milk
samples. The investigations showed
unfavourable effect of the support on
separation of thiol proteins and good
correlation between the concentration of
MTs protein added to water, plasma and
urine and the concentration of protein
indirectly determined via atomic
absorption spectrometric (AAS) method,
by preconcentration on SPE support
metals formerly bound with MT protein
and absorbed on CAC-TDI gel and
calculated from metals concentration.
The present paper is a continuation of
earlier experiments on quantitation of
Hg-thionein and Cd-thionein in
physiological fluids and homogenates.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99004168
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Chromatography, Affinity|*MT;
Disulfides|*AN; Environmental
Exposure|*; Metallothionein|*AN/BL/UR;
Metals, Heavy|*AN
- MeSH Heading
- Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Human;
Milk, Human|CH; Reproducibility of
Results; Sensitivity and Specificity
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0269-3879
- Country of Publication
- ENGLAND
Record 4 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Urinary kallikrein activity of workers
exposed to lead.
- Author
- Boscolo P; Porcelli G; Cecchetti G;
Salimei E; Iannaccone A
- Address
-
- Source
- Br J Ind Med, 1978 Aug, 35:3, 226-9
- Abstract
- Two groups of men of different age
ranges and with the same period of lead
exposure were selected for study in a
recently opened car-battery factory. Two
other groups of age-matched men, not
exposed to heavy metals in their work,
were used as controls. Morning urines
were collected from control and exposed
groups for determination of urinary
kallikrein activity, urinary
delta-amino-levulinic acid (ALA) and
lead levels. The environmental lead
levels and the urinary ALA and lead
values indicated that exposure in the
factory was not heavy. The older group
of lead-exposed workers showed greatly
reduced urinary kallikrein activity
compared with that of the age-matched
controls. In contrast, the younger group
did not show any significant alteration
in urinary kallikrein excretion.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 79021509
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Kallikreins|*UR; Lead|*/UR;
Occupational Medicine|*
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Age Factors; Aminolevulinic
Acid|UR; Environmental Exposure; Human;
Male; Middle Age
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0007-1072
- Country of Publication
- ENGLAND
Record 5 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Aerosol metallic paints: deliberate
inhalation. A study of inhalation and
or ingestion of copper and zinc
particles.
- Author
- Wilde C
- Address
-
- Source
- Int J Addict, 1975, 10:1, 127-34
- Abstract
- The preliminary and limited study
was made in an area where the metallic
spray paints are used as an intoxicant
by a significant percentage of the
student-population. Laboratory tests
show that individuals misusing these
unique products are ingesting and/or
inhaling large amounts of copper and
zinc which are excreted in the urine
and are possibly retained in body
tissue. No previous reports have been
found on this form of substance
misuse, and apparently no studies have
been conducted to determine the
physiological effects of such an
overload of heavy metals.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 75150866
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Administration, Intranasal|*;
Copper|*TO/UR; Paint|*;
Substance-Related Disorders|*;
Zinc|*TO/UR
- MeSH Heading
- Adolescence; Adult; Aerosols;
Coma|CI; Hallucinations|CI;
Headache|CI; Human; Lung|DE; Lung
Diseases|RA; Male; Nausea|CI; Peer
Group; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;
Violence
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0020-773X
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 6 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Variegate porphyria and heavy metal
poisoning from ingestion of
"moonshine".
- Author
- Hughes GS Jr; Davis L
- Address
-
- Source
- South Med J, 1983 Aug, 76:8, 1027-9
- Abstract
- A patient with cavitary
tuberculosis, hepatic cirrhosis,
bullous skin lesions over sun-exposed
surfaces, disorientation, and a
chronic, as well as recent, history of
illicit alcohol consumption was found
to have acute variegate porphyria by
characteristic fecal and urinary
porphyrin studies. Elevated levels of
lead and arsenic were found in serum
and urine without evidence of heavy
metal storage in hair and liver. We
suspect that the variegate porphyria
was precipitated by the ingestion of
heavy metals contained in illicit
alcohol. In a patient with
disorientation, bullous skin lesions,
and a history of illicit alcohol
ingestion, one must consider heavy
metal intoxication and secondary
porphyrin abnormalities.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 83275950
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Alcoholic Intoxication|*CO;
Arsenic|BL/*PO/UR; Lead Poisoning|*CO;
Porphyria|DI/*GE/PA
- MeSH Heading
- Aged; Alcoholism|CO; Case Report;
Feces|AN; Human; Liver Cirrhosis|CO;
Male; Porphyrins|AN/UR; Skin
Diseases|ET
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0038-4348
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 7 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Renal tubular dysfunction in
Minamata disease. Detection of renal
tubular antigen and beta-2-microglobin
in the urine.
- Author
- Iesato K; Wakashin M; Wakashin Y;
Tojo S
- Address
-
- Source
- Ann Intern Med, 1977 Jun, 86:6,
731-7
- Abstract
- "Minamata disease" was
found among the residents along
Minamata bay contaminated with the
effluent from an industrial plant
using mercury. The patients were
suffering from various neurologic
disorders primarily due to organic
mercury poisoning. Evidence is
described of renal tubular dysfunction
associated with this disease by the
immunochemical demonstration or renal
tubular epithelial antigen and
beta-2-microglobulin in the urine.
Nineteen patients with Minamata
disease and 35 diseased and healthy
control subjects were examined. The
contents of urinary renal tubular
epithelial antigen and
beta-2-microglobulin, and the ratios
of these proteins to albumin in
individuals with Minamata disease were
significantly different from the
levels in healthy control subjects (P
less than 0.05) were identical to
those found in patients with tubular
and the values, proteinuria. These
results indicate that Minamata disease
is associated with renal tubular
dysfunction, and also suggest that
these procedures would be useful for
screening the nephrotoxicity in the
environmental exposure of heavy
metals.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 77200071
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- beta 2-Microglobulin|*UR;
Antigens|*UR; Beta-Globulins|*UR;
Kidney Tubules|*IM; Mercury
Poisoning|IM/*UR
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Aged; Albuminuria;
Creatinine|UR; Epithelium|IM; Female;
Human; Immunoglobulins, Light-Chain|UR;
Male; Middle Age
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0003-4819
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 8 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Effects of molybdenum on the
organism (a review).
- Author
- Lener J; Bíbr B
- Address
-
- Source
- J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol,
1984, 28:4, 405-19
- Abstract
- Molybdenum belongs to a group of
essential microelements and occurs in
all components of the environment.
Major Mo sources for man are foods,
especially vegetable, to a lesser
extent drinking water. Its metabolism
is primarily influenced by interaction
with other metals, specifically copper
and iron. In the organism it is
primarily accumulated in the liver,
kidneys, skin and hard tissues. In the
blood it binds specifically with
alpha-2-macroglobulin, in the
erythrocytic membrane with spectrin;
it enhances the osmotic resistance of
red blood cells. From the organism it
is eliminated in the urine, bile and
feces. The biochemical importance of
molybdenum lies in that it catalyzes
the oxidation of xanthine and purine
bases and the reduction of nitrates
and molecular nitrogen; it is also
present in the prosthetic group of
flavoprotein enzymes. As shown in both
epidemiological and animal studies,
molybdenum ions may prevent dental
caries. Long-term overexposure to Mo
may produce molybdenosis (teart) in
cattle. Increased exposures of humans
may be primarily encountered in the
foundry industry, but the toxic
manifestations are invariably
nonspecific, similarly as in the case
of other heavy metals.
Molybdenum-exposed workers may also
show elevated uric acid concentrations
in their blood, simultaneously with
clinical symptoms resembling gout
(gout-like syndrome). A similar
finding may also occur among
individuals living in areas
characterized by elevated molybdenum
and decreased copper contents in soil.
The maximum allowable concentration
limits established for soluble and
insoluble molybdenum compounds in the
workplace air have been accepted in
many countries, but their values vary
in a wide range. No specific exposure
test for molybdenum has been developed
as yet.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 85132602
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Molybdenum|*/AN/TU
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Animal; Bile|ME; Child;
Dental Caries|PC; Environmental
Exposure; Female; Food Analysis;
Human; Intestinal Absorption; Male;
Nutritive Value; Sulfates|ME; Tissue
Distribution; Water|AN; Xanthine
Oxidase|ME
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW
- ISSN
- 0022-1732
- Country of Publication
- CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Record 9 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Misuse of hair analysis for
nutritional assessment.
- Author
- Rivlin RS
- Address
-
- Source
- Am J Med, 1983 Sep, 75:3, 489-93
- Abstract
- The analysis of hair for nutritional
assessment has a number of potential
pitfalls, which include: (1)
contamination by sweat, (2)
environmental contamination, (3)
influence of previous beauty
treatments, (4) critical dependence
upon location of the hair sample, (5)
paradoxic values depending upon the
rate of hair growth, and (6) lack of
clear definition of a normal range.
The results of measuring metal
concentrations in hair even under
ideal circumstances may not correlate
with those obtained in blood and
urine. Long-term exposure to heavy
metals, including lead, cadmium,
arsenic, and mercury, can be readily
identified by hair analysis. Little if
any value is derived from a random
examination of hair as the sole
procedure for nutritional assessment.
Nutritional recommendations should not
be based on the results of hair
analysis alone.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 83305834
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Copper|*AN; Hair|*AN/PA; Nutrition
Disorders|*ME; Zinc|*AN/BL/UR
- MeSH Heading
- Cosmetics; Environment; False
Positive Reactions; Female; Human;
Male; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;
Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Sweat;
Toxicology
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0002-9343
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 10 from database:
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- Title
- Mercury in urine.--Sex, age and
geographic differences in a reference
population.
- Author
- Lie A; Gundersen N; Korsgaard KJ
- Address
-
- Source
- Scand J Work Environ Health, 1982
Jun, 8:2, 129-33
- Abstract
- The urine of 103 inhabitants from
Hadeland and 240 persons from Odda,
Norway, was examined with respect to
the content of mercury and creatinine.
Odda is a small community in a narrow
fiord on the western coast of Norway.
The sea water is polluted with mercury
and other heavy metals emitted from a
zinc smelter. Hadeland is a less
industrialized county in the eastern
part of Norway without any known
inorganic mercury contamination of the
external environment. None of the
participants of the study were
occupationally exposed to mercury. The
mercury excretion was significantly
higher among people living in Odda and
highest among those living close to
the zinc smelter. This finding
probably reflects a contamination of
the external environment. Women in
Odda and Hadeland had a higher mercury
excretion than the males of the
respective regions. Mercury excretion
also seemed to be age-dependent in
that there was a gradual reduction in
mercury excretion with advancing age.
Although there seem to be age- and
sex-dependent differences with respect
to mercury excretion, 100 nmol of
mercury/1 of urine and 10 nmol of
mercury/mmol of creatinine are
suggested as upper limits for
"normal" mercury excretion
among non-occupationally exposed
persons living in Norway.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 83041216
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Environmental Pollutants|*;
Mercury|*UR
- MeSH Heading
- Adolescence; Adult; Age Factors;
Aged; Chemical Industry; Child; Child,
Preschool; Comparative Study; Female;
Human; Male; Middle Age; Norway; Rural
Population; Sex Factors; Urban
Population
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- Country of Publication
- FINLAND
Record 11 from database:
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- Title
- Analysis of submicrogramme levels of
cadmium in whole blood, urine and hair
by graphite furnace atomic absorption
spectroscopy.
- Author
- Sharma RP; McKenzie JM; Kjellstrom T
- Address
-
- Source
- J Anal Toxicol, 1982 May, 6:3, 135-8
- Abstract
- Toxicological studies require the
analysis of heavy metals in many
widely differing samples. In this
paper, a simple and accurate method is
described for the determination of
cadmium in whole blood, urine, and
hair. The blood and urine samples were
digested in nitric acid at 70 degrees
C, and the hair was digested in a 1:1
mixture of nitric and sulphuric acid.
Although a low temperature
necessitated longer digestion, the
operation was conveniently carried out
overnight. The digestion and any
subsequent extraction or dilution was
carried out in the same tube. The
methods used optimised digestion
efficiency and minimised sample
contamination. The method was also
found to be precise and highly
reproducible with relative standard
deviation (RSD) values within 5%.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 82270371
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Cadmium|*AN/BL/UR; Hair|*AN
- MeSH Heading
- Graphite; Heat; Human;
Microchemistry; Spectrophotometry,
Atomic Absorption|IS; Support, U.S.
Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0146-4760
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 12 from database:
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- Title
- Guamanian neurodegenerative disease:
investigation of the calcium
metabolism/heavy metal hypothesis.
- Author
- Ahlskog JE; Waring SC; Kurland LT;
Petersen RC; Moyer TP; Harmsen WS;
Maraganore DM; OBrien PC; Esteban
Santillan C; Bush V
- Address
- Department of Neurology, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
- Source
- Neurology, 1995 Jul, 45:7, 1340-4
- Abstract
- OBJECTIVE: There is a high
prevalence of neurodegenerative
disease (parkinsonism, dementia, and
motor neuron disease) on the western
Pacific island of Guam. We sought
evidence in support of the hypothesis
that these conditions are triggered by
nutritional deficiencies of calcium
and magnesium leading to secondary
hyperparathyroidism that then
facilitates the entry of calcium and
toxic heavy metals into the brain.
METHODS: We analyzed indices of
calcium metabolism plus blood-serum,
urine, nail, and hair heavy metal
concentrations in 12 patients with
Guamanian neurodegenerative disease
and 12 Chamorro control subjects.
RESULTS: All 12 patients with
Guamanian neurodegenerative disease
had normal values for serum total and
ionized calcium, 25-hydroxyvitamin D,
and 24-hour urine collections for
calcium. Eleven of 12 patients had
normal serum parathyroid hormone
values and alkaline phosphatase
levels. No patient had reduced serum
phosphorus or magnesium values
although a minority of patients and
controls had low urinary magnesium
concentrations. Median blood-serum and
24-hour urine collections for heavy
metals (aluminum, arsenic, cadmium,
copper, iron, lead, manganese,
mercury, and zinc) were statistically
similar in the patient and control
groups except for a slight elevation
of blood, but not urine, lead in the
patient group. Concentrations of heavy
metals in hair and nails were similar
in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: We
could find no evidence in support of
abnormalities of calcium metabolism or
heavy metal absorption as a major
causative factor in the development of
neurodegenerative disease on the
island of Guam.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 95342411
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Calcium|*ME; Metals|*ME; Nerve
Degeneration|*; Nervous System
Diseases|*ME/PP
- MeSH Heading
- Aged; Female; Guam; Human;
Magnesium|ME; Male; Middle Age;
Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0028-3878
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 13 from database:
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- Title
- Tubulointerstitial diseases.
- Author
- Lombardo JV; Terlinsky A; Chester
AC; Preuss HG
- Address
-
- Source
- Am Fam Physician, 1980 Jan, 21:1,
128-35
- Abstract
- This group of disorders has a number
of causes. Early in the course of the
disease, tubular malfunction is out of
proportion to glomerular disease. The
early presentation may be inability to
concentrate urine, salt wasting,
distal or proximal renal tubular
acidosis and/or Fanconi's syndrome.
With early diagnosis and treatment,
progression of the renal disorder can
be prevented or at least delayed. One
can easily discontinue the antibiotic
or analgesic, remove the heavy metal,
treat the electrolyte abnormality,
lower the uric acid or remove the
genitourinary tract obstruction.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 80085072
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Nephritis, Interstitial|*ET/PA/PP
- MeSH Heading
- Analgesics|AE; Drug
Hypersensitivity|CO; Glomerular
Filtration Rate; Human;
Hypercalcemia|CO; Hypokalemia|CO;
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes|CO;
Kidney Tubules|PA/PP; Lead
Poisoning|CO; Oxalates|ME;
Pyelonephritis|CO; Substance-Related
Disorders|CO; Uric Acid|UR
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0002-838X
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 14 from database:
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- Title
- Assessment of renal function of
workers exposed to inorganic lead,
calcium or mercury vapor.
- Author
- Buchet JP; Roels H; Bernard A;
Lauwerys R
- Address
-
- Source
- J Occup Med, 1980 Nov, 22:11, 741-50
- Abstract
- The renal function of workers
occupationally exposed to cadmium (n =
148), to mercury vapor (n = 63) or to
inorganic lead (n = 25) has been
compared with that of workers with no
occupational exposure to heavy metals
(n = 88). A moderate exposure to lead
(Pb-B < 62 microgram/100 ml) does
not seem to alter renal function.
Excessive exposure to cadmium
increases the urinary excretion of
both low- and high-molecular-weight
proteins and of tubular enzymes. These
changes are mainly observed in workers
excreting more than 10 microgram Cd/g
creatinine or with Cd-B above 1
microgram Cd/100 ml whole blood.
Occupational exposure to mercury vapor
induces glomerular dysfunction as
evidenced by an increased urinary
excretion of high-molecular-weight
proteins and a slightly increased
prevalence of higher beta
2-microglobulin concentration in
plasma without concomitant change in
urinary beta 2-microglobulin
concentration. beta-galactosidase
activity in blood and in urine is also
increased. The likelihood of these
findings is greater in workers with
Hg-B and Hg-U exceeding 3
microgram/100 ml whole blood and 50
microgram/g creatinine, respectively.
The hypothesis is put forward that the
glomerular dysfunction induced by
cadmium and mercury might result from
an autoimmune mechanism.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 81071577
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Cadmium Poisoning|*PP; Kidney
Glomerulus|*PH; Lead Poisoning|*PP;
Mercury Poisoning|*PP
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Cadmium|BL/UR; Comparative
Study; Environmental Exposure; Human;
Kidney Function Tests; Lead|BL/UR;
Mercury|BL/UR; Middle Age; Support,
Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0096-1736
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 15 from database:
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- Title
- The human health programme under
AMAP. AMAP Human Health Group. Arctic
Monitoring and Assessment Program.
- Author
- Hansen JC
- Address
- Department of Environmental and
Occupational Medicine, University of
Aarhus, Denmark.
- Source
- Int J Circumpolar Health, 1998 Oct,
57:4, 280-91
- Abstract
- The human health programme of the
first phase of AMAP was planned at an
international meeting held in Nuuk,
Greenland, October 1992. As the most
vulnerable period to adverse effects
of contaminants is during fetal
development, it was decided to
concentrate on analyses of umbilical
cord blood and maternal blood. The
programme was designed as a core
programme in which 150 sample pairs
should be collected in each of the 8
arctic countries and analyzed for
persistant organic pollutants (POPs)
and heavy metals (mercury, lead and
cadmium). As some essential elements
such as copper, zinc and selenium
interfere with heavy metal toxicity
these elements should also be
analyzed. Additional analyses such as
nickel and arsenic in urine, mercury
in hair, and POPs in breast milk could
be incorporated regionally according
to specific local conditions.
Radionucleides were not a major focus
in the human programme as this issue
was be dealt with by AMAP's radiation
group. Implementation of the programme
was a problem in most of the countries
due to lack of funding. However, an
offer from Canada to analyze all
contaminants in 50 samples from each
country enabled the first comparative
circumpolar study of human exposure to
contaminants to be completed. The
study confirmed that in general the
most important source of exposure to
both POPs and mercury is food of
marine origin and that Greenlanders
and Inuit from the Canadian Arctic,
due to their traditional lifestyle,
are among the most highly exposed
populations in the Arctic. This is not
a result of local pollution in
Greenland and Canada, but is due to
long range transport of persistent
contaminants through the atmosphere
and their biomagnification in the
marine food chain. For these reasons
the most important recommendation of
the first AMAP assessment is that
priority should be given to the
expeditious completion of negotiations
to establish protocols for the control
of POPs and heavy metals under the
Convention on Long Range Transboundary
Air Pollution.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99074911
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Environmental Monitoring|*SN;
Environmental Pollution|*AN; Health
Status|*; National Health Programs|*OG;
Organic Chemicals|*AN
- MeSH Heading
- Arctic Regions; Conservation of
Natural Resources; Denmark; Female;
Guidelines; Human; Male
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW,
TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 1239-9736
- Country of Publication
- FINLAND
Record 16 from database:
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- Title
- Environmental and health monitoring
in Lithuanian cities: exposure to
heavy metals and benz(a)pyrene in
Vilnius and Siauliai residents.
- Author
- Ptashekas J; Ciuniene E; Barkiene M;
Zurlyte I; Jonauskas G; Sliachtic N;
Babonas J; Jankeviciene R; Runkelyte
J; Saltiene Z
- Address
- Department of Monitoring and
Programs, State Public Health Center,
Ministry of Health of the Republic of
Lithuania, Vilnius.
- Source
- J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol,
1996, 15:2-4, 135-41
- Abstract
- The Environmental and Health
Monitoring program in the large cities
of Lithuania is aimed at the
evaluation of the population health
status in terms of chemically induced
diseases. During the 1991 to 1995
period, this program was carried out
in two Lithuanian cities, Vilnius, the
capital of the country, and Siauliai.
Data on the chemical pollution of
ambient air, soil, and drinking water
and the morbidity were mapped. Risk
zones of environmental pathology
threat were defined within each city
on the basis of the mapped data.
Subsequently, chemical pollutants,
namely, heavy metals and benz(a)pyrene,
were determined in the biomedia of
selected population groups in the risk
zones. Exposure analysis of heavy
metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn) and
benz(a)pyrene was carried out for
standardized groups of children and
pregnant women in the risk zones and
in a relatively safe (control) zone.
The evaluation of exposure to heavy
metals was based on the levels found
in blood, urine, and hair.
Benz(a)pyrene was tested in urine
samples. The obtained data are applied
in the process of environmental health
monitoring in the large cities of
Lithuania.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 97359880
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Benzo(a)pyrene|*AN; Environmental
Monitoring|*; Environmental
Pollutants|*AN; Metals, Heavy|*BL/*UR;
Urban Health|*
- MeSH Heading
- Ambulatory Care Facilities; Child;
Child, Preschool; Comparative Study;
Female; Government Agencies; Health
Services; Hospitals; Human; Incidence;
Lithuania|EP; Occupational Diseases|CI/EP;
Pregnancy
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0731-8898
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 17 from database:
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- Title
- Indoor risk factors for atopic
eczema in school children from East
Germany.
- Author
- Schäfer T; Heinrich J; Wjst M;
Krause C; Adam H; Ring J; Wichmann HE
- Address
- Department of Dermatology and
Allergy, Munich Technical University,
Munich, D-80802, Germany.
- Source
- Environ Res, 1999 Aug, 81:2, 151-8
- Abstract
- This study aimed to investigate the
relation between environmental
influences such as arsenic, cadmium,
lead, and mercury, as well as
environmental tobacco smoke, pet
keeping, and heating systems on the
prevalence of atopic eczema.
Therefore, a multicenter
cross-sectional study of school
children aged 5-14 years, including a
standardized questionnaire, blood and
urine analyses, and a dermatological
examination, was undertaken. A
cases-control approach was chosen in
order to identify relevant risk
factors. A total of 2200 school
children (response 79.1%) of two areas
(Bitterfeld, Hettstedt) polluted by
industrial activities and an
agricultural control region (Zerbst)
of the former German Democratic
Republic were examined. Atopic eczema
as identified by dermatological
examination and history was the
outcome variable of interest. Body
burden of arsenic and heavy metals and
questionnaire data on environmental
tobacco smoke exposure, pet keeping,
and heating system were investigated
as potential risk factors.The overall
prevalence of atopic eczema was 2.6%,
with higher prevalences in the
industrial areas (2.5 and 2.9%)
compared to the control area (1.6%,
not significant). Bivariate analyses
did not reveal statistically
significant associations between
atopic eczema and tobacco smoke
exposure or the body burden of arsenic
and heavy metals. According to
multiple logistic regression analysis,
atopic eczema was significantly more
frequent in predisposed families and
those who reported keeping guinea pigs
(OR=4.37, CI 2.15-8.91), but not other
pets, like dogs, cats, and hamsters.
In comparison to a distant heating
system, a decreased risk was observed
in households with central heating
system (OR=0.30, CI 0.10-0.90),
whereas the presence of a gas heater
with an exhaust pipe connection to the
wall was associated with a
significantly elevated risk for eczema
(OR=8.22, CI 2.44-27.66).The heating
system and exposure to certain animal
allergens are related to the
manifestation of atopic eczema.
Further studies are needed to clarify
how far a causal relationship is
reflected by these findings. Copyright
1999 Academic Press.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99365517
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Air Pollution, Indoor|*AE;
Dermatitis, Atopic|EP/*ET
- MeSH Heading
- Adolescence; Animal; Cats; Child;
Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional
Studies; Dogs; Female; Hamsters;
Heating; Human; Male; Multivariate
Analysis; Prevalence; Risk Factors;
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0013-9351
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 18 from database:
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- Title
- An unusual manifestation of diabetes
mellitus.
- Author
- Accomando J; DAgostino A; Adelman HM
- Address
- Department of Medicine, University
of South Florida College of Medicine,
Tampa, USA.
- Source
- Hosp Pract (Off Ed), 1999 May, 34:5,
39-40
- Abstract
- MEDICAL HISTORY: Type 2 diabetes
mellitus for five years; unexplained
35-lb weight loss three years ago;
Bell's palsy on right side many years
ago. MEDICATIONS: Glipizide, 10
mg/day. FAMILY HISTORY: Father died of
leukemia at age 65; mother has kidney
stones; no diabetes or neuromuscular
disease. SOCIAL HISTORY: Insurance
salesman; heterosexual, promiscuous,
uses condoms; smokes (25 pack years);
does not drink. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:
Well-nourished, well developed, not in
acute distress; had difficulty rising
from a sitting position because of
right lower extremity weakness. Blood
pressure, 154/74; pulse, 88;
temperature, 36.6 degrees C;
respiratory rate, 16. Head, eyes,
ears, nose, and throat: normal. Neck:
normal. Heart: S4. Lungs: clear.
Abdomen: mildly obese. Extremities: no
cyanosis, clubbing, or edema; atrophy
and weakness of right thigh and both
calves; wide-based gait; able to walk
on toes but not heels. Neurologic
responses: cranial nerves intact; deep
tendon reflexes, 1 + symmetrically;
plantar reflexes, flexor bilaterally.
Skin: macular rash in sun-exposed
areas. LABORATORY FINDINGS:
Hemoglobin, 13.2 gm/dL; mean
corpuscular volume, 80 micron 3; white
blood cell count, 7,200/mm3 (normal
differential); platelet count,
137,000/mm3. Serum: electrolytes,
normal; blood urea nitrogen, 18 mg/dL;
creatinine, 0.8 mg/dL; glucose, 308
mg/dL; total protein, albumin, liver
enzymes, and creatine kinase, normal.
Urine: 1 + glucose. Venereal disease
test: nonreactive; HIV test: negative.
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS:
Dermatomyositis; heavy-metal
poisoning; diabetic amyotrophy.
HOSPITAL COURSE: The patient was given
50 mg/day of oral amitriptyline to
alleviate the painful paresthesias and
was switched to 20 U/day of
subcutaneously injected neutral
protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin to
normalize the blood glucose level.
Histologic studies of skin and muscle
showed sun damage and neuropathic
changes, respectively. There was no
evidence of vasculitis. Screening for
heavy-metal toxins produced negative
results.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99271391
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Diabetes Mellitus,
Non-Insulin-Dependent|*DI; Diabetic
Neuropathies|*DI; Muscular
Diseases|*DI
- MeSH Heading
- Case Report; Diagnosis,
Differential; Human; Male; Middle Age;
Muscle Weakness; Pain; Thigh; Weight
Loss
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 8750-2836
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 19 from database:
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- Title
- Non-occupational lead and cadmium
exposure of adult women in Bangkok,
Thailand.
- Author
- Zhang ZW; Shimbo S; Watanabe T;
Srianujata S; Banjong O;
Chitchumroonchokchai C; Nakatsuka H;
Matsuda Inoguchi N; Higashikawa K;
Ikeda M
- Address
- Department of Food and Nutrition,
Kyoto Women's University, Japan.
- Source
- Sci Total Environ, 1999 Feb, 226:1,
65-74
- Abstract
- This survey was conducted to examine
the extent of the exposure of Bangkok
citizens to lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd),
and to evaluate the role of rice as
the source of these heavy metals. In
practice, 52 non-smoking adult women
in an institution in the vicinity of
Bangkok, volunteered to offer blood,
spot urine, boiled rice and 24-h total
food duplicate samples. Samples were
wet-ashed, and then analyzed for Pb
and Cd by ICP-MS. Geometric means for
the levels in blood (Pb-B and Cd-B)
and urine (Pb-U and Cd-U as corrected
for creatinine concentration), and
also for dietary intake (Pb-F and Cd-F)
were 32.3 micrograms/l for Pb-B, 0.41
microgram/l for Cd-B, 2.06
micrograms/g creatinine for Pb-U, 1.40
micrograms/g creatinine for Cd-U, 15.1
micrograms/day for Pb-F and 7.1
micrograms/day for Cd-F. Rice
contributed 30% and 4% of dietary Cd
and Pb burden, respectively. When
compared with the counterpart values
obtained in four neighboring cities in
southeast Asia (i.e. Nanning, Tainan,
Manila, and Kuala Lumpur), dietary Pb
burden of the women in Bangkok was
middle in the order among the values
for the five cities. Pb level in the
blood was the lowest of the levels
among the five cities and Pb in urine
was also among the low group. This
apparent discrepancy in the order
between Pb-B (i.e. the fifth) and Pb-F
(the third) might be attributable to
recent reduction of Pb levels in the
atmosphere in Bangkok. Regarding Cd
exposure, Cd levels in blood and urine
as well as dietary Cd burden of
Bangkok women were either the lowest
or the next lowest among those in the
five cities.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99177601
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Cadmium|*AN/BL/UR; Environmental
Exposure|*SN; Food Contamination|*AN;
Lead|*AN/BL/UR; Rice|*CH
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Age Factors; Comparative
Study; Environmental Monitoring|SN;
Female; Human; Middle Age; Nutrition
Surveys; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;
Thailand
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0048-9697
- Country of Publication
- NETHERLANDS
Record 20 from database:
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- Title
- Atomic absorption spectrophotometry
(AAS) for the evaluation of metallosis
in prostheses and artificial organs: a
new approach.
- Author
- Pierini G; Fini M; Giavaresi G;
Dallari S; Brayda Bruno M; Rocca M;
Nicoli Aldini N; Giardino R
- Address
- Forensic Medicine Department,
University of Bologna, Italy.
- Source
- Int J Artif Organs, 1999 Jul, 22:7,
522-7
- Abstract
- To study the presence of metals in
body fluids and tissues after
implantation of metallic biomaterials
and possible related diseases, a new
approach in Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometry (AAS) was developed.
This technique was compared to three
traditional methods: mineralisation
with acid digestion (method A) also
known as "wet method", dry
ashing (with or without oxygen)
(method B); classic Kjeldaal (method
C). The new approach (method D)
modifies the mineralisation phase and
the instrument operating instructions.
Al, Na, Cr, K, Ni, Co, Ti, Fe, Hg, Pb,
V, Sb and Cu levels were tested with
the four methods on bone, muscle,
cartilage, skin, brain, lymph nodes,
blood, urine, and hair. Test results
were checked by the addition method.
Results demonstrated a significantly
higher percentage of Al, Cr, Ni, Ti
and Hg recovery with the new approach.
The advantages of method D are no
residue, no redox reaction,
insignificant loss of analytes and
enhanced sensitivity (at ppb level vs
ppm of the other methods). This
approach should be considered
especially when testing heavy metals
and complex matrices. Its
disadvantages are that it is more time
consuming and requires the presence of
an operator.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99421305
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Metals|*AN; Prostheses and
Implants|*; Spectrophotometry, Atomic
Absorption|*/MT
- MeSH Heading
- Human; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;
Tissue Distribution
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0391-3988
- Country of Publication
- ITALY
Record 21 from database:
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- Title
- Behavior of heavy metals in human
urine and blood following calcium
disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate
injection: observations in metal
workers.
- Author
- Sata F; Araki S; Murata K; Aono H
- Address
- Department of Public Health, Faculty
of Medicine, University of Tokyo,
Japan.
- Source
- J Toxicol Environ Health, 1998 Jun,
54:3, 167-78
- Abstract
- To evaluate the effects of calcium
disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate
(CaEDTA) on the behavior of 8 heavy
metals in human urine and blood,
CaEDTA was administered for 1 h by
intravenous injection to 18 male metal
foundry workers, whose blood lead
concentrations (PbB) were between 16
and 59 (mean 34) microg/dl.
Significant increases were found in
urinary excretion of manganese,
chromium, lead, zinc, and copper after
the start of CaEDTA injection. Urinary
chromium excretion reached a maximal
level within 1 h after the start of
injection, while urinary manganese,
lead, and zinc excretion reached their
highest concentrations between 1 and 2
h. Urinary copper excretion reached
the highest level between 2 and 4 h.
The rapid increases in urinary
excretion of five metals were
different from the "circadian
rhythms," which are the normal,
daily variations in renal glomerular
filtration, reabsorption, and
excretory mechanisms. Plasma lead
concentrations were highest 1.5 h
after the start of the 1-h injection,
while plasma zinc concentration became
lowest 5 h after the start of CaEDTA
injection. Data suggest that manganese
and chromium absorbed in human tissues
might be mobilized by CaEDTA.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 98306023
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Chelating Agents|AD/*PD; Edetic
Acid|AD/*PD; Metallurgy|*; Metals,
Heavy|*BL/*UR; Occupational Exposure|*
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Human; Injections,
Intravenous; Male; Middle Age;
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0098-4108
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 22 from
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- Title
- Uranium in urine--normalization to
creatinine.
- Author
- Karpas Z; Lorber A; Elish E;
Marcus P; Roiz Y; Marko R; Kol R;
Brikner D; Halicz L
- Address
- Nuclear Research Center, Negev,
Beer-Sheva, Israel.
- Source
- Health Phys, 1998 Jan, 74:1, 86-90
- Abstract
- "Spot samples" of urine
are routinely used to monitor
occupational exposure to uranium and
other toxic heavy metals, such as
mercury, lead, and cadmium. In the
present work, it was shown that
diurnal variations in the uranium
concentration in different urine
samples from the same individual
could be quite large. However, these
variations were in correlation to
the creatinine level of the same
samples, with values of R =
0.72-0.99, for the five subjects
studied here. Thus, it is proposed
here that uranium concentrations in
"spot" urine samples be
expressed in terms of ng uranium
g(-1) creatinine rather than ng
uranium L(-1). Once the 24-h
creatinine level is estimated for
the individual based on weight,
height and age, the adjusted values
can be used for determination of the
internal dose of uranium.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 98076067
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Creatinine|*UR; Occupational
Exposure|*; Radiation
Monitoring|*MT; Uranium|*UR
- MeSH Heading
- Circadian Rhythm; Human; Reference
Standards
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0017-9078
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 23 from
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- Title
- The role of metallothionein in the
elevated excretion of copper in
urine from people living in a
cadmium-polluted area.
- Author
- Mitane Y; Tohyama C; Saito H
- Address
-
- Source
- Fundam Appl Toxicol, 1986 Feb,
6:2, 285-91
- Abstract
- Gel chromatographic analysis of
urine specimens obtained from three
women environmentally exposed to
cadmium (Cd) was carried out to
study the relationship between
urinary excretion of heavy metals
and metallothionein (MT). In one of
the three Cd-exposed women MT was
detected in the fraction
corresponding to molecular weight of
about 10,000 (MT-F) by
radioimmunoassay, and Cd and copper
(Cu) peaks were also observed in the
MT-F. However, in the other two Cd-exposed
women no metal peak was found in the
MT-F although MT alone was detected
in it. When urine specimens from
these subjects were treated with
2-mercaptoethanol before
chromatography, appreciable amounts
of Cd and Cu were recovered in the
MT-F. In a sample to which
dithiothreitol was added at the time
of urine collection more than 60% of
both Cd and Cu were recovered in the
MT-F. These results support the
suggestion that MT is so susceptible
to oxidation that metals bound to MT
can be released from it and
distribute in high or low molecular
weight fractions. It is also
suggested that most urinary Cd and
Cu is excreted with MT and that MT
is directly involved in the
increased excretion of these metals,
especially Cu, in people
environmentally exposed to Cd.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 86193269
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Cadmium Poisoning|*UR; Copper|*UR;
Environmental Pollutants|*AE;
Metallothionein|*PH
- MeSH Heading
- Aged; Chromatography, Gel; Female;
Human; Oxidation-Reduction;
Sulfhydryl Compounds|ME
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0272-0590
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 24 from
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- Title
- The application of affinity
chromatography for quantitative
determination of metallothionein in
physiological fluids by an indirect
method based on analysis of metal
contents.
- Author
- Kabzinski AK; Takagi T
- Address
- Technical University of LÆodÆz,
Department of General and Ecological
Chemistry, Poland.
- Source
- Biomed Chromatogr, 1995 May, 9:3,
123-9
- Abstract
- An indirect method, based on the
analysis of metal contents, for the
determination of metallothionein
(MT) in body fluids is described.
Affinity chromatography gel was used
as a solid phase extraction (SPE)
support for preconcentration of MT
Proteins and metals bound to MT from
spiked water and human urine
samples. The results showed a good
correlation between the
concentration of MT proteins added
to water or physiological human
urine and the concentration of
protein indirectly determined by
atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS)
recovered by the SPE-affinity
chromatography technique and
calculated from the metal
concentration. The present method
can be used in toxicological
analysis for determination of MT
concentration in physiological
fluids in subjects exposed to heavy
metals.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 95383982
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Chromatography, Affinity|*MT;
Metallothionein|*AN; Metals|*AN/UR
- MeSH Heading
- Chromatography, Gel;
Chromatography, Ion Exchange;
Environmental Exposure; Human; Male;
Spectrophotometry, Atomic
Absorption; Spectrophotometry,
Ultraviolet; Support, Non-U.S.
Gov't; Water|CH
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0269-3879
- Country of Publication
- ENGLAND
Record 25 from
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- Title
- Role of mercury (Hg) in resistant
infections & effective treatment
of Chlamydia trachomatis and Herpes
family viral infections (and
potential treatment for cancer) by
removing localized Hg deposits with
Chinese parsley and delivering
effective antibiotics using various
drug uptake enhancement methods.
- Author
- Omura Y; Beckman SL
- Address
- Heart Disease Research Foundation,
New York, USA.
- Source
- Acupunct Electrother Res, 1995
Aug, 20:3-4, 195-229
- Abstract
- The authors found that antibiotics
used to treat various infections
often were ineffective in the
presence of abnormal localized
deposits of heavy metals like Hg and
Pb, which were often observed to
co-exist with Chlamydia trachomatis,
Herpes Simplex Types I & II,
Cytomegalovirus(CMV), and other
micro-organisms. Our earlier
research revealed that despite
rigorous treatment with antibiotics
together with various drug uptake
enhancement techniques, subjects who
had been treated for Chlamydia
trachomatis infections, seemingly
successfully with disappearance of
their symptoms, were often
experiencing recurrences within
several months after completion of
their treatment despite taking
precautions against reinfection.
Careful examination of the entire
body of these symptom-free patients
with the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test
revealed that the Chlamydia
trachomatis had retreated to 3
approximately 5 hiding places with
localized increase in uric acid
levels: 1) sublingual caruncle, 2) a
small round area in the right and/or
left axillae, 3) the genitals
(Corona Glandis area of the Glans
Penis at the Fossa Navicularis of
the urethra in the male, and near
the orifice of the urethra in the
female), 4) Insulin-like Growth
Factor positive horizontal lines,
particularly above and below the
knees, 5) the maxillary, ethmoid and
frontal sinuses and the horizontal
lines at the base of the nostrils
(particularly small areas where
Insulin-like Growth Factors exist).
We found that all these areas
contain Insulin-like Growth Factors
I & II which are reduced in the
presence of infection. Even when
drug uptake of antibiotics was
selectively increased in these 3
approximately 5 areas by various
drug uptake enhancement methods
developed by the 1st author, still
the infection persisted. In the
spring of 1995, use of Chinese
parsley for successful elimination
of Hg deposits existing in various
organs of the first author as the
result of the decay of radioactive
Thallium 201 injected for cardiac
SPECT, was accidentally discovered
after eating Vietnamese soup, which
happened to contain Chinese parsley,
also called cilantro. We also found
Chinese parsley accelerates the
excretion of Hg, Pb, and A1 from the
body though the urine. Our subjects
were given a course of antibiotics (Doxycycline
for Chlamydia trachomatis infection)
or anti-viral agents (EPA with DHA
for Herpes Family Viruses) together
with Chinese parsley. Since these
vegetable/herbs were eaten, the
amount of effective substance
absorbed varied and some people did
not like the taste of these
relatively large amounts of either
cooked or raw parsley or its juice,
but together with effective
antibiotics delivered by drug uptake
enhancement methods to the infected
areas, the substances worked
synergistically, rapidly reducing
the generalized symptoms and
infection. The micro-organisms
retreated to the 3 approximately 5
areas listed above where, with
continued treatment, they were
significantly reduced, but not
completely eliminated. Because of
these problems, a pharmaceutical
company was asked to produce a
Chinese parsley table containing a
controlled amount in a highly
absorbable form. When 11 subjects
were treated with Doxycycline for
Chlamydia trachomatis infection, or
anti-viral agents (EPA with DHA) for
Herpes Family Viruses, drug uptake
enhancement methods to selectively
increase delivery of the drugs to
the affected areas, and Chinese
parsley tablets to remove the heavy
metal deposits, the last traces of
the infections and clinical symptoms
disappeared completely. Therefore we
hypothesized that the infectious
micro-organisms mentioned above,
somehow utilize the Hg or Pb to
protect themselves from what would
otherwise be effective antibiotics,
and/or that heavy metal deposits in
some way make antibiotics
ineffective. Since the
micro-organisms retreat to areas in
which Insulin-like Growth Factors I
& II normally exist, they may be
utilizing them for their own growth
and multiplication. These phenomena
ma
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 96240888
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Chlamydia trachomatis|*DE;
Medicine, Chinese Traditional|*;
Mercury|*TU; Simplexvirus|*DE; Virus
Diseases|*DT
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Case Report; Female; Human;
Male; Middle Age; Neoplasms|DT;
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0360-1293
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 26 from
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- Title
- Results of biomonitoring analyses
in Biomonitoring Laboratory,
Helsinki, Finland in 1997.
- Author
- Kallio A; Kiilunen M; Kivistö H;
Pekari K; Valkonen S
- Address
- Finnish Institute of Occupational
Health, Biomonitoring Laboratory,
Helsinki, Finland. arja.kallio@occuphealth.fi
- Source
- Toxicol Lett, 1999 Sep, 108:2-3,
249-57
- Abstract
- In 1997 a total of 4848 results of
47 different analytes from blood or
urine specimens, were performed in
the Finnish Institute of
Occupational Health, Biomonitoring
Laboratory, Helsinki, Finland. The
results of these service analyses
were registered in a database with
additional information concerning
the worker and the work place. The
biomonitoring register, containing
one or more results of about 30,000
workers, enables the follow-up of
chemical exposure on individual or
working group levels. In general,
the levels of chemicals or their
metabolites in biological specimens
have been slowly but continuously
declined in Finland during the last
decade. In 1997 the decrease in the
levels of heavy metals was
particularly important. The most
problematic organic solvent in
Finland is styrene. Styrene
exposures have remained in
unacceptable levels in work places
and still in 1997 more than a third
of the workers analysed had very
high concentrations of styrene
metabolites in their urine. In most
major analyte groups studied, there
were workers whose exposure level
exceeded the Finnish biomonitoring
action level (BAL), and in about
half of the specimens the level
exceeded the upper reference limits
(URL), of the non-exposed persons.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99439287
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Environmental Monitoring|*ST;
Occupational Exposure|AN/*ST
- MeSH Heading
- Air Pollutants, Occupational|AN/ST;
Aluminum|UR; Female; Finland; Human;
Lead|BL; Male; Reference Values;
Solvents|AN; Styrene|ME/UR;
Toluene|BL
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0378-4274
- Country of Publication
- NETHERLANDS
Record 27 from
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- Title
- Urinary alpha1-microglobulin,
beta2-microglobulin, and retinol-binding
protein levels in general
populations in Japan with references
to cadmium in urine, blood, and
24-hour food duplicates.
- Author
- Ikeda M; Moon CS; Zhang ZW; Iguchi
H; Watanabe T; Iwami O; Imai Y;
Shimbo S
- Address
- Department of Public Health, Kyoto
University Faculty of Medicine,
Japan.
- Source
- Environ Res, 1995 Jul, 70:1, 35-46
- Abstract
- Possible cadmium (Cd)
exposure-associated changes in
urinary levels of
low-molecular-weight proteins were
studied in nonsmoking and
non-drinking female members of the
general Japanese population (378
subjects with no known occupational
heavy metal exposure) who lived at
19 study sites (all without any
known environmental heavy metal
pollution) in 13 prefectures
throughout Japan. The external Cd
dose was evaluated in terms of daily
Cd intake via food (Cd-F), whereas
Cd levels in blood (Cd-B) and urine
(Cd-U) were taken as internal dose
indicators. When the subjects were
classified according to Cd-F into
three groups with "low"
(20.4 micrograms/day as a geometric
mean of 97 women),
"middle" (35.0
micrograms/day, 120 women) and
"high" (67.0
micrograms/day, 66 women) exposure,
both Cd-B and Cd-U increased in
parallel with the changes in Cd-F.
However, there were no
dose-dependent changes in
beta2-microglobulin or retinol-binding
protein levels in urine,
alpha1-microglobulin levels appeared
to increase, but the distribution of
the cases above the two cutoff
levels of 9.6 and 15.8 micrograms/mg
creatinine among the three Cd-F
groups did not show any bias.
Overall, it was concluded that there
was no apparent Cd
exposure-associated elevation in
urinary low-molecular-weight protein
levels in the study population.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 96198626
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- beta 2-Microglobulin|*UR;
Alpha-Globulins|*UR;
Cadmium|*AN/BL/UR; Food
Contamination|*AN; Retinol-Binding
Proteins|*UR
- MeSH Heading
- Analysis of Variance; Cadmium
Poisoning|EP/ET; Circadian Rhythm|PH;
Eating|PH; Female; Human; Japan|EP;
Middle Age; Radioimmunoassay;
Regression Analysis; Support,
Non-U.S. Gov't; Time Factors
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0013-9351
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 28 from
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- Title
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
presenting with acquired porphyria:
a case report and review of the
literature.
- Author
- Huang WS; Liao LY; Wang CS; Chen
PH
- Address
- Department of Gastroenterology,
Chang Gung Memorial Hospital,
Kaohsiung, Taipei Municipal Jen-Ai
Hospital, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Source
- Chang Keng I Hsueh Tsa Chih, 1999
Mar, 22:1, 111-6
- Abstract
- Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
with acquired porphyria is a very
rare condition. It is characterized
variably by hyperpigmentation, skin
fragility and photodistributed
subepidermal vesicles. The serum,
urine and/or stool porphyrin levels,
usually markedly elevated, can
change according to the clinical
course. We report here a case of
hepatocellular carcinoma presenting
with a paraneoplastic syndrome of
acquired porphyria. A 73-year-old
Chinese woman had the characteristic
facial pigmentation of cutaneous
porphyria and histologically proven
hepatocellular carcinoma. Her serum
zinc protoporphyrin was elevated and
her urine tested positive for
coproporphyrin. Her protoporphyrin
and alpha-fetoprotein levels dropped
after transarterial
chemoembolization treatment.
Acquired porphyria in hepatocellular
carcinoma occurs exclusively in
older persons with huge
hepatocellular carcinoma and/or
cirrhosis. Before diagnosis, it must
be carefully differentiated from
inherent porphyrias with HCC, and
porphyrias induced by drugs or heavy
metal intoxication must be ruled
out.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99346773
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular|*CO;
Liver Neoplasms|*CO; Porphyria
Cutanea Tarda|*ET
- MeSH Heading
- Aged; Case Report; Female; Human
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW OF
REPORTED CASES
- Country of Publication
- CHINA (REPUBLIC: 1949- )
Record 29 from
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- Title
- Vanadium.
- Author
- Barceloux DG
- Address
- dgbarcelou@aol.com
- Source
- J Toxicol Clin Toxicol, 1999,
37:2, 265-78
- Abstract
- Vanadium is a steel-grey,
corrosion-resistant metal, which
exists in oxidation states ranging
from -1 to +5. Metallic vanadium
does not occur in nature, and the
most common valence states are +3,
+4, and +5. The pentavalent form
(VO3-) predominates in extracellular
body fluids whereas the quadrivalent
form (VO+2) is the most common
intracellular form. Because of its
hardness and its ability to form
alloys, vanadium (i.e.,
ferrovanadium) is a common component
of hard steel alloys used in
machines and tools. Although most
foods contain low concentrations of
vanadium (< 1 ng/g), food is the
major source of exposure to vanadium
for the general population. High air
concentrations of vanadium occur in
the occupation setting during
boiler-cleaning operations as a
result of the presence of vanadium
oxides in the dust. The lungs absorb
soluble vanadium compounds (V2O5)
well, but the absorption of vanadium
salts from the gastrointestinal
tract is poor. The excretion of
vanadium by the kidneys is rapid
with a biological half-life of 20-40
hours in the urine. Vanadium is
probably an essential trace element,
but a vanadium-deficiency disease
has not been identified in humans.
The estimated daily intake of the US
population ranges from 10-60
micrograms V. Vanadyl sulfate is a
common supplement used to enhance
weight training in athletes at doses
up to 60 mg/d. In vitro and animal
studies indicate that vanadate and
other vanadium compounds increase
glucose transport activity and
improve glucose metabolism. In
general, the toxicity of vanadium
compounds is low. Pentavalent
compounds are the most toxic and the
toxicity of vanadium compounds
usually increases as the valence
increases. Most of the toxic effects
of vanadium compounds result from
local irritation of the eyes and
upper respiratory tract rather than
systemic toxicity. The only clearly
documented effect of exposure to
vanadium dust is upper respiratory
tract irritation characterized by
rhinitis, wheezing, nasal
hemorrhage, conjunctivitis, cough,
sore throat, and chest pain. Case
studies have described the onset of
asthma after heavy exposure to
vanadium compounds, but clinical
studies to date have not detected an
increased prevalence of asthma in
workers exposed to vanadium.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99311570
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Vanadium|CH/PK/*TO
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Environmental
Pollutants|PK/TO; Human;
Occupational Exposure;
Organometallic Compounds|CH/PK/TO
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW,
TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0731-3810
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 30 from
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- Title
- The assessment of biomarkers to
detect nephrotoxicity using an
integrated database.
- Author
- Taylor SA; Chivers ID; Price RG;
Arce Tomas M; Milligan P; Francini
I; Alinovi R; Cavazzini S;
Bergamaschi E; Vittori M; Mutti A;
Lauwerys RR; Bernard AM; Roels HA;
De Broe ME; Nuyts GD; Elseviers MM;
Hotter G; Ramis I; Rosello J; Gelpi
E; Stolte H; Eisenberger U; Fels LM
- Address
- Biochemistry Section, Division of
Life Sciences, King's College
London, United Kingdom.
- Source
- Environ Res, 1997 Oct, 75:1, 23-33
- Abstract
- Groups of industrial workers
exposed to heavy metals (cadmium,
mercury, and lead) or solvents were
studied together with corresponding
control groups. The cohorts were
collected from several European
centers (countries). Eighty-one
measurements were carried out on
urine, blood, and serum samples and
the results of these analyses
together with questionnaire
information on each individual were
entered into a central database
using the relational database
package Rbase. After the completion
of the database construction phase,
the data were exported in a format
suitable for analysis by the
statistical package SAS. The
potential value of each test as an
indicator of nephrotoxicity was then
assessed. Rigorous exclusion
criteria were applied which resulted
in the elimination of some tests and
samples from the dataset. The
measurable contributions of smoking,
gender, metal exposure, and site
were either singly or in combination
assessed by biomarkers for
nephrotoxicity. The parameters
measured included three urinary
enzymes, six specific proteins,
total protein, two extracellular
matrix markers, four prostaglandins
and anti-GBM antibodies, and beta
2-microglobulin in serum. The most
sensitive renal tests included the
urinary enzymes N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase
(NAG) and intestinal alkaline
phosphatase (IAP), brush border
antigens, and urinary
low-molecular-weight proteins. Of
the newer tests investigated the
prostaglandins were the most
promising. Different patterns of
biomarker excretion were observed
following exposure to lead, cadmium,
or mercury. The dataset provides a
unique repository of data which
could provide the basis of an
enlarging source of information on
normal human reference ranges and on
the effects of exposure to toxins
and the use of biomarkers for
monitoring nephrotoxicity.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 98025069
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Database Management Systems|*;
Hazardous Substances|*; Kidney|*DE;
Occupational Exposure|*
- MeSH Heading
- Biological Markers; Blood Chemical
Analysis; Cohort Studies; Europe|EP;
Human; Questionnaires; Support,
Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0013-9351
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 31 from
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- Title
- Adjustment for urinary flow
rate: an improved approach to
biological monitoring.
- Author
- Araki S; Sata F; Murata K
- Address
- Department of Public Health,
Faculty of Medicine, University of
Tokyo, Japan.
- Source
- Int Arch Occup Environ Health,
1990, 62:6, 471-7
- Abstract
- The use of urinary monitoring in
medical surveillance programs in
industry requires the development
of an accurate and unbiased index
of urinary concentrations of
occupational toxins. To examine
the effects of urinary flow rate
on adjusted and non-adjusted
urinary excretion of 11 heavy
metals and organic substances, 19
metal-foundry workers were studied
during four time periods of the
day under conditions of water
restriction and loading. The
results indicate that urinary flow
rate significantly affects not
only the non-adjusted urinary
concentration for all substances,
but also affects timed excretion
as well as concentrations adjusted
to urinary specific gravity and to
urinary creatinine during any time
period of the day. On the other
hand, the concentration adjusted
to urinary flow rate (UF-adjusted
concentration) is independent by
definition of urinary flow;
therefore, this adjustment is
applicable for highly diluted and
highly concentrated urine samples
without repetition of urine
collection. It is concluded that
UF-adjusted concentration is a
useful index for the measurement
of most urinary substances, while
adjustments to urinary specific
gravity and to urinary creatinine
concentration have only limited
utility in evaluating toxin levels
in spot urine samples.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 91060279
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Metallurgy|*; Metals|*UR;
Urination|*PH
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Human; Male; Metabolic
Clearance Rate|PH; Middle Age;
Monitoring, Physiologic|MT
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0340-0131
- Country of Publication
- GERMANY
Record 32 from
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- Title
- Determination and metabolism of
dithiol chelating agents. VI.
Isolation and identification of
the mixed disulfides of
meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid
with L-cysteine in human urine.
- Author
- Maiorino RM; Bruce DC; Aposhian
HV
- Address
- Department of Molecular and
Cellular Biology, University of
Arizona, Tucson 85721.
- Source
- Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 1989
Feb, 97:2, 338-49
- Abstract
- Virtually nothing is known about
the biotransformation of the heavy
metal chelating agent,
meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid
(DMSA). Two fasted, normal, young
men were given 10.0 mg DMSA/kg po,
and their urines were collected
over a 14-hr period. Urine samples
were analyzed, before and after
electrolytic reductive treatment,
for DMSA and its biotransformants
using bromobimane derivatization,
HPLC separation, and fluorescence
detection. Metabolites were
isolated by HPLC, ion-pairing
extraction, ion-exchange
extraction, and TLC. By 14 hr
after DMSA administration, 87% of
the total DMSA and 95% of the
total L-cysteine found in urine
consisted of altered forms of
these compounds. The urinary
excretion of altered DMSA, at 1,
2, 4, 6, 9, and 14 hr after
administration of DMSA, when
compared to the urinary excretion
of altered L-cysteine had a
correlation coefficient of 0.952
and p less than 0.003.
Approximately 90% of the altered
DMSA excreted in the 2- to 4-hr
urine was found in disulfide
linkage with L-cysteine. The
remaining 10% was found as cyclic
disulfides of DMSA. Of the mixed
disulfides found in 4- to 6-hr
urine, 97% consisted of two
L-cysteine residues per one DMSA
and the remaining 3% consisted of
one L-cysteine per one DMSA. The
2:1 mixed disulfides (97%) were
isolated as three distinct species
by TLC, consisting of 77, 12, and
8% of the total mixed disulfides
found. In addition to the novelty
of these biotransformants of DMSA,
the DMSA-cysteine mixed disulfides
indicate a thiol-disulfide
interchange between DMSA and L-cystine.
The discovery of the formation of
these water soluble DMSA-cysteine
mixed disulfides should encourage
the evaluation of DMSA in the
treatment of cystinuria.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 89162496
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Cysteine|*ME; Succimer|*ME;
Sulfhydryl Compounds|*ME
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Biotransformation;
Chromatography, High Pressure
Liquid; Chromatography, Thin
Layer; Copper|UR; Cystinuria|DT;
Disulfides|ME; Human; Lead|UR;
Male; Species Specificity;
Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;
Zinc|UR
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0041-008X
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 33 from
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- Title
- Assessment of urinary retinol-binding
protein as an index of proximal
tubular injury.
- Author
- Bernard AM; Vyskocil AA; Mahieu
P; Lauwerys RR
- Address
-
- Source
- Clin Chem, 1987 Jun, 33:6, 775-9
- Abstract
- The urinary excretion of retinol-binding
protein (RBP), beta
2-microglobulin (beta 2-m), and
beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase
was monitored in patients with
renal tubular damage secondary to
multiple injuries, rhabdomyolysis,
antibiotic treatment, or poisoning
by various chemicals such as
solvents, heavy metals, or
pesticides. In almost all cases,
RBP proved to be a more sensitive
index of renal tubular damage than
was beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase
and, being more stable in acid
urine, a more practical analyte to
measure than was beta 2-m. We
corroborated this finding by
studying the relationships between
these three analytes in more than
150 patients. On the average, an
increase in the urinary excretion
of beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase
becomes detectable when urinary
RBP already exceeds the normal
value by 50- to 100-fold. In
urines with pH greater than 6, RBP
and beta 2-m concentrations are
well correlated (r = 0.93, n =
150), beta 2-m tending to be more
frequently positive (i.e., greater
than 311 micrograms/L). But in
urines with pH less than 6 (about
30-40% of the samples), the RBP/beta
2-m concentration ratio increases
as pH decreases, up to 500 in some
patients with massive tubular
injury. Because the renal uptake
of proteins involves a saturable
process, the urinary excretion of
RBP, like that of beta 2-m,
specifically reflects the
reabsorption capacity of proximal
tubules only when the glomerular
filtration rate is normal or
slightly impaired (i.e., serum
creatinine less than 20 mg/L).
Under these conditions the
determination of RBP protein in
urine appears the most appropriate
test when early detection of
tubular injury is desirable.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 87244878
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Kidney Diseases|*UR; Kidney
Tubules, Proximal|DE/*ME; Retinol-Binding
Proteins|*UR
- MeSH Heading
- beta 2-Microglobulin|UR;
Acetylglucosaminidase|UR;
Adolescence; Adult; Human;
Poisoning|UR; Rhabdomyolysis|UR;
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Wounds
and Injuries|UR
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0009-9147
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
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- Title
- Health risks associated with
cobalt exposure--an overview.
- Author
- Lauwerys R; Lison D
- Address
- Industrial Toxicology and
Occupational Medicine Unit, School
of Medicine, Catholic University
of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
- Source
- Sci Total Environ, 1994 Jun,
150:1-3, 1-6
- Abstract
- Cobalt is an essential
oligoelement which enters in the
composition of vitamin B12. For
the general population, food and
beverages represent the main
source of cobalt exposure. Traces
of cobalt are also present in
cement and various household
products. In industry, the
potential for exposure to cobalt
is particularly important during
the production of cobalt powder,
the production, processing and use
of hard metals, the polishing of
diamonds with cobalt containing
disks and the processing of cobalt
alloys. Except in the production
of cobalt powders, these
activities involve exposure not
only to cobalt but also to other
substances such as tungsten
carbide, iron and diamond which
may modulate the biological
reactivity of cobalt. Cobalt salts
are used for the preparation of
enamels and pigments. Cobalt is
mainly absorbed from the pulmonary
and the gastrointestinal tracts.
Absorption through the skin can
occur but is low. Concomitant
exposure to tungsten carbide
increases the pulmonary absorption
rate of cobalt metal. Cobalt is
not a cumulative toxin and is
mainly excreted in urine and to a
lesser extent via faeces. Cobalt
in blood and urine mainly reflects
recent exposure. In the past,
outbreaks of cardiomyopathy
occurred among heavy consumers of
cobalt fortified beer. It is
likely that poor nutrition and
ethanol had played a synergistic
role. Toxic manifestations,
however, have mainly been reported
following inhalation of cobalt
containing dusts in industry. The
two main target organs are the
skin and the respiratory tract.
Cobalt itself may cause allergic
dermatitis, rhinitis and
asthma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
WORDS)
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 95025826
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Cobalt|*AE/ME; Lung Diseases|CI/*EP
- MeSH Heading
- Environmental Exposure|AE;
Human; Male; Risk Factors
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW,
TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0048-9697
- Country of Publication
- NETHERLANDS
Record 35 from
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- Title
- Arsenic intoxication presenting
as a myelodysplastic syndrome: a
case report.
- Author
- Rezuke WN; Anderson C; Pastuszak
WT; Conway SR; Firshein SI
- Address
- Department of Pathology,
Hartford Hospital, Connecticut
06115.
- Source
- Am J Hematol, 1991 Apr, 36:4,
291-3
- Abstract
- A case of arsenic intoxication
presenting as a myelodysplastic
syndrome is reported. A
41-year-old woman with a 6-month
history of gastrointestinal and
neurological symptoms was noted to
be pancytopenic at presentation. A
bone marrow aspirate revealed
dysmyelopoietic changes involving
all three marrow cell lines.
Subsequent analysis of urine for
heavy metals demonstrated very
high levels of arsenic. Treatment
with British anti-Lewisite (BAL)
resulted in the resolution of
gastrointestinal symptoms and
hematological abnormalities
although the neurological
complications progressed. This
case emphasizes that heavy metal
intoxication should be considered
in the differential diagnosis of
any individual presenting with the
hematological features of
myelodysplasia especially when
accompanied by clinical features
considered atypical for primary or
secondary myelodysplasia.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 91189176
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Arsenic|AN/*PO; Myelodysplastic
Syndromes|*DI/PA; Poisoning|*DI/PA
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Bone Marrow|CH/PA; Case
Report; Diagnosis, Differential;
Female; Human; Pancytopenia|DI/PA
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0361-8609
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 36 from
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- Title
- Environmental exposure to
cadmium and renal function of
elderly women living in
cadmium-polluted areas of the
Federal Republic of Germany.
- Author
- Ewers U; Brockhaus A; Dolgner R;
Freier I; Jermann E; Bernard A;
Stiller Winkler R; Hahn R;
Manojlovic N
- Address
-
- Source
- Int Arch Occup Environ Health,
1985, 55:3, 217-39
- Abstract
- An epidemiological study was
performed to assess whether
environmental pollution by cadmium
as found in cadmium-polluted areas
of the Federal Republic of Germany
is associated with an increased
prevalence of biological signs of
kidney dysfunction in population
groups non-occupationally exposed
to heavy metals. The study was run
in two industrial areas known to
be highly contaminated by cadmium,
lead and other heavy metals, viz.
Stolberg and Duisburg. Düsseldorf
was selected as a reference area.
As a study population we selected
65- and 66-year-old women (n =
286) who had spent the major part
of their lives in one of these
areas. The average cadmium levels
in blood (CdB) and urine (CdU)
revealed significant differences
in exposure to cadmium in the
order Stolberg greater than
Duisburg greater than Düsseldorf.
Serum creatinine levels were, on
average, significantly higher in
the Stolberg group than in the
Duisburg and Düsseldorf groups.
However, with respect to the
urinary excretion of low molecular
weight proteins (beta
2-microglobulin, retinol-binding
protein), albuminuria, total
proteinuria, aminoaciduria,
phosphaturia and some other
biological findings, no
significant differences between
the study populations were noted.
Similarly, the prevalence of
clinically-confirmed hypertension
as well as the relative frequency
of hypertensive subjects (systolic
greater than or equal to 160
and/or diastolic greater than or
equal to 95 mm Hg) did not differ
significantly among the three
study groups. There was no
exposure-response relationship
between CdU and tubular
proteinuria in the range of the
CdU-levels found (0.1 to 5.2
micrograms/g creatinine). However,
albuminuria tended to be increased
at CdU levels greater than 2
micrograms/g creatinine.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 85206359
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Aged|*; Cadmium|BL/*TO/UR;
Environmental Pollutants|*TO;
Kidney|*DE/PH
- MeSH Heading
- beta 2-Microglobulin|UR; Body
Burden; Environmental Exposure;
Female; Germany, West; Human;
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration;
Hypertension|CI; Proteinuria|CI;
Regression Analysis; Smoking;
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0340-0131
- Country of Publication
- GERMANY, WEST
Record 37 from
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- Title
- A statewide case registry for
surveillance of occupational heavy
metals absorption [see comments]
- Author
- Baser ME; Marion D
- Address
- Department of Environmental
Health Sciences, School of Hygiene
and Public Health, Johns Hopkins
University, Baltimore, MD 21205.
- Source
- Am J Public Health, 1990 Feb,
80:2, 162-4
- Abstract
- The New York State Heavy Metals
Registry is a legislatively
mandated program through which
clinical laboratories, physicians,
and health facilities report state
residents 18 years of age and
older with elevated levels of
lead, mercury, arsenic, or cadmium
in blood or urine. From 1982-86,
the current employer was
determined for 95.9 percent of
3,309 cases. Occupational
exposures in 328 companies
accounted for 82.8 percent of
cases. The majority of companies
were reported for lead (247
companies, 75.3 percent of total)
or mercury (47 companies, 14.3
percent of total). Of the 247
companies reported to the Registry
for lead, the Occupational Safety
and Health Administration (OSHA)
inspected 18 of 98 companies (18.4
percent) in the manufacturing
sector, but only one of 149
companies (0.6 percent) outside
the manufacturing sector. We
conclude that the Registry
effectively detects companies with
heavy metals exposures, and is an
especially useful adjunct to OSHA
inspections outside the
manufacturing sector.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 90119871
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Environmental Exposure|*;
Metals|*BL; Population
Surveillance|*
- MeSH Heading
- Adolescence; Adult; Female;
Human; Lead|BL; Male; Mercury|BL;
New York; Occupations; Registries
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0090-0036
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 38 from
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- Title
- Markers of early renal changes
induced by industrial pollutants.
III. Application to workers
exposed to cadmium.
- Author
- Roels H; Bernard AM; Cárdenas
A; Buchet JP; Lauwerys RR; Hotter
G; Ramis I; Mutti A; Franchini I;
Bundschuh I; et al
- Address
- UnitÆe de Toxicologie
Industrielle et MÆedecine du
Travail, FacultÆe de MÆedecine,
UniversitÆe Catholique de Louvain.
- Source
- Br J Ind Med, 1993 Jan, 50:1,
37-48
- Abstract
- Cadmium (Cd) was the third heavy
metal investigated in the European
collaborative research project on
the development and validation of
new markers of nephrotoxicity.
Fifty workers exposed to Cd and 50
control workers were examined.
After application of selection
criteria 37 workers (mean age 43)
exposed to Cd for an average of
11.3 years; and 43 age matched
referents were retained for final
analysis. The average
concentrations of Cd in blood (Cd-B)
and urine (Cd-U) of exposed
workers were 5.5 micrograms Cd/l
and 5.4 micrograms Cd/g creatinine
respectively. By contrast with
lead and mercury, Cd had a broad
spectrum of effects on the kidney,
producing significant alterations
in amounts of almost all potential
indicators of nephrotoxicity that
were measured in urine--namely,
low and high molecular weight
proteins, kidney derived antigens
or enzymes, prostanoids, and
various other biochemical indices
such as glycosaminoglycans and
sialic acid. An increase in beta
2-microglobulin and a decrease of
sialic acid concentration were
found in serum.
Dose-effect/response relations
could be established between most
of these markers and Cd-U or Cd-B.
The thresholds of Cd-U associated
with a significantly higher
probability of change in these
indicators were estimated by
logistic regression analysis.
Three main groups of thresholds
could be identified: one around 2
micrograms Cd/g creatinine mainly
associated with biochemical
alterations, a second around 4
micrograms Cd/g creatinine for
high molecular weight proteins and
some tubular antigens or enzymes,
and a third one around 10
micrograms Cd/g creatinine for low
molecular weight proteins and
other indicators. The recent
recommendation by the American
Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) of 5
micrograms Cd/g creatinine in
urine as the biological exposure
limit for occupational exposure to
Cd appears thus justified,
although for most of the effects
occurring around this threshold
the link with the subsequent
development of overt Cd
nephropathy is not established. In
that respect, the very early
interference with production of
some prostanoids (threshold 2
micrograms Cd/g creatinine)
deserves further investigation;
although this effect might
contribute to protect the
filtration capacity of the
kidneys, it might also play a part
in the toxicity of Cd on bone.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 93160033
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Cadmium Poisoning|BL/*CO/UR;
Kidney|*DE; Kidney Diseases|BL/*CI/UR;
Occupational Diseases|BL/*CI/UR;
Occupational Exposure|*
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Biological Markers|BL/UR;
Human; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0007-1072
- Country of Publication
- ENGLAND
Record 39 from
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- Title
- Painful diffuse osteosclerosis
after intravenous drug abuse [see
comments]
- Author
- Villareal DT; Murphy WA;
Teitelbaum SL; Arens MQ; Whyte MP
- Address
- Department of Medicine,
Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
- Source
- Am J Med, 1992 Oct, 93:4, 371-81
- Abstract
- PURPOSE: We identify a new
syndrome of acquired painful
diffuse osteosclerosis associated
with past intravenous drug abuse
in two adults. METHODS: A
28-year-old white woman and a
38-year-old black man with a
history of non-A, non-B chronic
active hepatitis were referred to
us for increasing bone pain that
was especially severe in their
lower extremities. They were
studied at our clinical research
center. RESULTS: Skeletal
radiographs documented progressive
generalized osteosclerosis.
Increased bone mass was confirmed
by dual-energy radiography, and
bone scintigraphy showed diffusely
increased radionuclide
accumulation. Serum biochemical
studies revealed elevated alkaline
phosphatase activity and
osteocalcin levels, mild to
moderately increased
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
concentrations, and normal
parathyroid hormone levels. In
urine, hydroxyproline excretion
was elevated, whereas calcium
levels were reduced. Iliac crest
histomorphometry showed increased
rates of bone formation.
Hematology, renal function, serum
protein electrophoresis, and
screening for fluorosis as well as
vitamin A and heavy metal
poisoning were all normal. Family
histories were negative. Both
patients were seropositive for
antibody against hepatitis C virus
as well as against Epstein-Barr
virus (antiviral capsid antigen
IgG but not IgM). Each subject was
seronegative for cytomegalovirus,
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
1 and 2, and human T-cell
lymphotropic virus (HTLV) 1 and 2.
Assay for reverse transcriptase in
lymphocyte co-culture fluid and
polymerase chain reaction studies
using HIV-1 primers on peripheral
monocyte DNA were negative.
Treatment with synthetic salmon
calcitonin in both individuals
rapidly led to decreased bone pain
and to a decline in biochemical
parameters of accelerated bone
turnover. CONCLUSION: Painful
diffuse osteosclerosis can follow
intravenous drug abuse and is
possibly caused by parenteral
transmission of a virus that in
some way stimulates bone
formation.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 93035430
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Osteosclerosis|*ET/MI/RA;
Substance Abuse, Intravenous|*CO
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Antibodies, Viral|BL;
Bone Remodeling|PH; Calcitonin|TU;
Case Report; Female; Hepatitis
C-Like Viruses|IM; Herpesvirus 4,
Human|IM; Human; IgG|BL; Male;
Pain|DT/ET; Support, U.S. Gov't,
P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0002-9343
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 40 from
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- Title
- Does N-acetylcysteine increase
the excretion of trace metals
(calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc
and copper) when given orally?
- Author
- Hjorts‡ E; Fomsgaard JS; Fogh
Andersen N
- Address
- Department of Anaesthesiology,
Herlev Hospital, University of
Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Source
- Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 1990,
39:1, 29-31
- Abstract
- N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is known
to decrease the exacerbation rate
in patients with chronic
bronchitis. It has also been shown
that NAC has both an
oxygen-radical scavenger and a
heavy-metal chelating effect in
high intravenous doses. In a study
lasting 5 weeks, 10 healthy
volunteers were treated with NAC
200 mg t.d.s. for two weeks. The
concentrations of trace metals
(Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn & Cu) in
plasma were measured weekly and
daily in a morning spot urine
during the investigation. No
significant change in plasma
concentration or excretion was
found during the two weeks of
treatment, implying that
additional administration of trace
metals is unnecessary for patients
treated perorally with a
therapeutic dose of NAC.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 91114721
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Acetylcysteine|AD/*PD; Trace
Elements|*PK
- MeSH Heading
- Administration, Oral; Adult;
Calcium|PK; Copper|PK; Female;
Human; Iron|PK; Magnesium|PK;
Male; Middle Age; Zinc|PK
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0031-6970
- Country of Publication
- GERMANY
Record 41 from
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- Title
- Markers of early renal changes
induced by industrial pollutants.
III. Application to workers
exposed to cadmium.
- Author
- Roels H; Bernard AM; Cárdenas
A; Buchet JP; Lauwerys RR; Hotter
G; Ramis I; Mutti A; Franchini I;
Bundschuh I; et al
- Address
- UnitÆe de Toxicologie
Industrielle et MÆedecine du
Travail, FacultÆe de MÆedecine,
UniversitÆe Catholique de Louvain.
- Source
- Br J Ind Med, 1993 Jan, 50:1,
37-48
- Abstract
- Cadmium (Cd) was the third heavy
metal investigated in the European
collaborative research project on
the development and validation of
new markers of nephrotoxicity.
Fifty workers exposed to Cd and 50
control workers were examined.
After application of selection
criteria 37 workers (mean age 43)
exposed to Cd for an average of
11.3 years; and 43 age matched
referents were retained for final
analysis. The average
concentrations of Cd in blood (Cd-B)
and urine (Cd-U) of exposed
workers were 5.5 micrograms Cd/l
and 5.4 micrograms Cd/g creatinine
respectively. By contrast with
lead and mercury, Cd had a broad
spectrum of effects on the kidney,
producing significant alterations
in amounts of almost all potential
indicators of nephrotoxicity that
were measured in urine--namely,
low and high molecular weight
proteins, kidney derived antigens
or enzymes, prostanoids, and
various other biochemical indices
such as glycosaminoglycans and
sialic acid. An increase in beta
2-microglobulin and a decrease of
sialic acid concentration were
found in serum.
Dose-effect/response relations
could be established between most
of these markers and Cd-U or Cd-B.
The thresholds of Cd-U associated
with a significantly higher
probability of change in these
indicators were estimated by
logistic regression analysis.
Three main groups of thresholds
could be identified: one around 2
micrograms Cd/g creatinine mainly
associated with biochemical
alterations, a second around 4
micrograms Cd/g creatinine for
high molecular weight proteins and
some tubular antigens or enzymes,
and a third one around 10
micrograms Cd/g creatinine for low
molecular weight proteins and
other indicators. The recent
recommendation by the American
Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) of 5
micrograms Cd/g creatinine in
urine as the biological exposure
limit for occupational exposure to
Cd appears thus justified,
although for most of the effects
occurring around this threshold
the link with the subsequent
development of overt Cd
nephropathy is not established. In
that respect, the very early
interference with production of
some prostanoids (threshold 2
micrograms Cd/g creatinine)
deserves further investigation;
although this effect might
contribute to protect the
filtration capacity of the
kidneys, it might also play a part
in the toxicity of Cd on bone.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 93160033
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Cadmium Poisoning|BL/*CO/UR;
Kidney|*DE; Kidney Diseases|BL/*CI/UR;
Occupational Diseases|BL/*CI/UR;
Occupational Exposure|*
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Biological Markers|BL/UR;
Human; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0007-1072
- Country of Publication
- ENGLAND
Record 42 from
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- Title
- Noninvasive renal diagnostic
studies.
- Author
- Tolkoff Rubin NE; Rubin RH;
Bonventre JV
- Address
- Department of Medicine,
Massachusetts General Hospital,
Boston.
- Source
- Clin Lab Med, 1988 Sep, 8:3,
507-26
- Abstract
- Traditional methods of
noninvasively evaluating patients
for renal injury do not accomplish
the following tasks: reliably
distinguish potentially treatable
forms of acute renal failure from
acute tubular necrosis; provide a
sensitive indicator of early
allograft rejection in renal
transplant recipients,
particularly those in the
pediatric age group; provide an
early warning of incipient
drug-induced nephrotoxicity; or
serve as an adequate screening
test for renal injury due to
exposure to occupational or
environmental toxins, especially
heavy metals. Because of this,
considerable effort has been
devoted to the development of
assays to satisfy these needs.
Three approaches include
measurement in the urine of
low-molecular-weight plasma
proteins such as beta
2-microglobulin; a variety of
kidney-derived enzymes, such as L-alanine
aminopeptidase and
N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase;
and specific renal antigens using
immunologic detection. The first
two of these have not proved to be
adequately sensitive or specific,
complicated by the frequent loss
of activity associated with the
physicochemical characteristics of
the urine or the presence of
pyuria. Despite this, useful
information has been obtained. In
particular, assays of beta
2-microglobulin urinary excretion
and retinol binding protein appear
to have clinical utility that
should be pursued. Recent
experience with a monoclonal
antibody-based assay for a unique
proximal tubular antigen, the
adenosine deaminase binding
protein, suggests that a battery
of such assays, each directed
against an antigen localized to a
particular segment of the nephron,
may be particularly useful.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 89003995
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Kidney Diseases|*DI
- MeSH Heading
- beta 2-Microglobulin|AN;
Acetylglucosaminidase|UR;
Aminopeptidases|UR; Antigens|UR;
Graft Rejection; Human; Kidney|TR;
Kidney Function Tests; Kidney
Transplantation; Retinol-Binding
Proteins|AN; Support, Non-U.S.
Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW,
TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0272-2712
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 43 from
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- Title
- Biological monitoring of
workers at a recently opened
hazardous waste disposal site.
- Author
- Díaz Barriga F; Santos MA; Yañez
L; Cuellar JA; Ostrosky Wegman
P; Montero R; Perez A; Ruiz E;
Garcia A; Gomez H
- Address
- Facultad de Medicina,
Universidad AutÆonoma de San
Luis PotosÆi, Mexico.
- Source
- J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol,
1993, 3 Suppl 1:, 63-71
- Abstract
- A health assessment was
performed in a recently opened
landfill for toxic waste. The
site has received 14,000 tons of
hazardous waste, confined in
drums or deposited as bulk
material, which were left
outdoors for seven months. The
analysis in some samples showed
that the waste is rich in heavy
metals, however we did not find
high levels of contaminates in
air or surface soil in different
areas on-site. When compared to
a control group, high-risk
workers show higher levels of
arsenic in urine and hair, and
non-specific symptoms
(irritability and insomnia). But
among groups, we did not find
statistical differences in
urinary mercury, blood lead,
phenol in urine, cadmium in hair
or blood, sister chromatid
exchange values, lymphocytes
proliferation kinetics, liver
function tests, and other
non-specific symptoms. We
considered this project as a
background study for human
exposure to hazardous waste,
providing useful results for the
future evaluation of chronic
effects in the same population.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 99074611
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Environmental Monitoring|*MT;
Hazardous Substances|*AN/BL/UR;
Hazardous Waste|*AN;
Occupational Exposure|*AN
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Case-Control Studies;
Hair|CH; Human; Liver Function
Tests; Lymphocyte
Transformation; Male; Mexico;
Middle Age; Risk Assessment;
Risk Factors; Sister Chromatid
Exchange; Support, Non-U.S.
Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 1053-4245
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 44 from
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- Title
- Development and validation of
new screening tests for
nephrotoxic effects.
- Author
- Price RG; Taylor SA; Chivers
I; Arce Tomas M; Crutcher E;
Franchini I; Alinovi R;
Cavazzini S; Bergamaschi E;
Mutti A; Vettori MV; Lauwerys R;
Bernard A; Kabanda A; Roels H;
Thielemans N; Hotz P; De Broe
ME; Elseviers MM; Nuyts GD;
Gelpi E; Hotter G; Rosello J;
Ramis I; Stolte H; et al
- Address
-
- Source
- Hum Exp Toxicol, 1996 Mar, 15
Suppl 1:, S10-9
- Abstract
- Within the framework of an
European Commission-funded
project, groups of industrial
workers exposed to heavy metals
(cadmium, mercury and lead) or
solvents were studied together
with corresponding control
groups. Eighty-one measurements
were carried out on urine and
serum samples and the scientific
results together with individual
questionnaire information were
entered into a central database.
Data obtained was assessed
centrally and individually in
subsidiary studies. The
measurable contributions were
assessed either singly or in
combination, of smoking, gender,
metal exposure and site, to
nephrotoxicity. The potential
value of each test as an
indicator of nephrotoxicity was
then assessed on the basis of
sensitivity and specificity. A
number of new tests including
prostaglandins and for
extracellular matrix components
were investigated as well as
established tests for renal
damage and dysfunction. The data
obtained from this comprehensive
study emphasises the value of
noninvasive biomarkers for the
early detection of
nephrotoxicity due to
environmental toxins. The
urinary profile varied with the
type of
environmental/occupational
toxin. By careful selection of a
small panel of markers they can
be used to indicate the presence
of renal damage, the principal
region affected, and to monitor
the progress of disease and
damage. Biomarkers were also
used to confirm and tentatively
establish safe exposure levels
to nephrotoxins.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 97036909
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Drug Screening|*/MT/ST/TD;
Environmental Pollutants|*TO;
Kidney|*DE
- MeSH Heading
- Biological Markers; Human;
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW;
REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0960-3271
- Country of Publication
- ENGLAND
Record 45 from
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- Title
- A review of thallium toxicity
[published erratum appears in
Vet Hum Toxicol 1993
Dec;35(6):511]
- Author
- Mulkey JP; Oehme FW
- Address
- Comparative Toxicology
Laboratory, Kansas State
University, Manhattan 66506.
- Source
- Vet Hum Toxicol, 1993 Oct,
35:5, 445-53
- Abstract
- Thallium (Tl) is one of the
most toxic of the heavy metals.
Its continued use as a
rodenticide in many developing
countries and its increasing use
in an expanding number of new
technologies raise concerns
about exposure risk to animals
and humans. Because Tl and
potassium (K) have the same
charge and similar ionic radii,
Tl follows K distribution
pathways and alters and number
of K-dependent processes.
Possible toxic mechanisms of Tl
include ligand formation with
protein sulfhydryl groups,
inhibition of cellular
respiration, interaction with
riboflavin and riboflavin-based
cofactors, and disruption of
calcium homeostasis. The
principal clinical features of
thallotoxicosis are
gastroenteritis, peripheral
neuropathy of unknown etiology,
and alopecia. The presence of
elevated Tl levels in the urine
or other biologic materials
confirms the diagnosis of Tl
poisoning. Treatment with
prussian blue (or activated
charcoal) will interrupt the
enterohepatic cycling of Tl,
thus enhancing fecal elimination
of the metal. Forced diuresis
with potassium loading will
increase the renal clearance of
Tl, but should be used
cautiously because neurologic
and cardiovascular symptom may
be exacerbated. If recognized
and treated early, Tl poisoning
carries a favorable prognosis
for full recovery.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 94069920
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Thallium|CH/ME/*PO
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Human
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW;
REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0145-6296
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 46 from
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- Title
- Urinary concentrations of
heavy metals in healthy Japanese
under 20 years of age: a
comparison between
concentrations expressed in
terms of creatinine and of
selenium.
- Author
- Tsuda M; Hasunuma R; Kawanishi
Y; Okazaki I
- Address
- Department of Chemistry,
Kitasato University, Kanagawa,
Japan.
- Source
- Tokai J Exp Clin Med, 1995
May, 20:1, 53-64
- Abstract
- Voided urine samples from 575
young Japanese under 20 years of
age (297 males and 278 females
including infants) and from 380
subjects (20-29 years old, 193
males and 187 females) were
analyzed for levels of
creatinine, selenium, zinc,
cadmium and mercury. This
investigation presents data
regarding the normal urinary
levels of these substances in
age groups of 0-4, 5-9, 10-14,
15-19, and 20-29 years. Urinary
levels of creatinine and cadmium
showed remarkable increases with
the age of the subjects, whereas
that of selenium was constant at
all ages under 20. Urinary
concentrations of heavy metals
were represented by creatinine
and selenium ratios. Comparisons
between these ratios revealed
that selenium is an excellent
index for representing the
levels of the substances
contained in a voided urine
sample. Creatinine was not
useful as an index for younger
subjects, because the urinary
concentration of this compound
increased almost threefold as
the subjects became older, up to
15 years of age.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 97023094
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Creatinine|*UR; Metals|*UR;
Selenium|*UR
- MeSH Heading
- Adolescence; Adult; Child;
Child, Preschool; Comparative
Study; Female; Human; Infant;
Infant, Newborn; Japan; Male;
Mercury|UR
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0385-0005
- Country of Publication
- JAPAN
Record 47 from
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- Title
- Deficiency of porphobilinogen
synthase associated with acute
crisis. Diagnosis of the first
two cases in Chile by laboratory
methods.
- Author
- Wolff C; Piderit F; Armas
Merino R
- Address
- Department of Medicine,
Universidad de Chile, Hospital
San Juan de Dios, Santiago.
- Source
- Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem,
1991 May, 29:5, 313-5
- Abstract
- Erythrocyte porphobilinogen
synthase deficiency was
confirmed by the determination
of its activity in blood and
also by the high levels of both
porphyrins and 5-aminolaevulinic
acid in the urine of two
siblings. They presented with a
picture of porphyric attack
characterized by abdominal colic
pain, high blood pressure,
tachycardia and severe
constipation. The profile of
both porphyrins and their
precursors in urine and blood
resembled lead poisoning.
However, this was ruled out
because both patients had normal
blood levels of lead.
Furthermore, porphobilinogen
synthase activity did not
normalize when it was determined
in the presence of
dithiothreitol or dithiothreitol
plus zinc chloride. No other
causes to account for a
deficiency in porphobilinogen
synthase activity were
identified. The simultaneous
occurrence of similar clinical
and biochemical symptoms
suggests that the same
triggering factor was present.
Because the activity of
porphobilinogen synthase was
less than 4% of normal values,
it is possible that these
patients were homozygotes with
respect to this defect, which
could explain the presence of
clinical symptoms. We propose
that this metabolic defect is
not uncommon and it should be
kept in mind when diagnosing of
porphyrias or heavy metal
intoxications.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 91370146
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Deficiency Diseases|*DI/PP;
Porphobilinogen Synthase|BL/*DF/UR
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Aminolevulinic Acid|BL/UR;
Chile; Erythrocytes|EN; Human;
Male; Porphyrins|BL/UR
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0939-4974
- Country of Publication
- GERMANY
Record 48 from
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- Title
- Effect of prior, low-level
cadmium exposure in vivo on
metallothionein expression in
cultured lymphocytes.
- Author
- Stennard FA; Stewart TC; West
AK
- Address
- Department of Biochemistry,
University of Tasmania, Hobart,
Australia.
- Source
- J Appl Toxicol, 1995 Jan,
15:1, 63-7
- Abstract
- Exposure to cadmium (Cd) is
currently monitored by
measurement of the metal in
blood or urine, or by
observation of excreted
compounds such as beta
2-microglobulin or
N-acetyl-beta-D-glucose. Whilst
these approaches are useful for
the detection of acute exposure
to Cd, their applicability in
the management of long-term,
low-level exposure is less
clear. Metallothioneins are
ubiquitous proteins that are
synthesized in response to heavy
metal ions and may offer
themselves as being a
biologically sensitive indicator
of Cd exposure. We have examined
both basal and Cd-induced
metallothionein mRNA levels in
cultured lymphocytes from groups
with different exposures to Cd,
attempting to assess their
potential as an indicator of Cd
exposure and the suitability of
such an assay for routine
analysis. We found that induced
metallothionein mRNA levels,
rather than basal mRNA levels,
increased in groups known to
have received elevated body
burdens of Cd, although these
increases were not significant
between groups. There was,
however, a significant
correlation between induced
metallothionein mRNA levels and
urinary beta 2-microglobulin.
These results suggest that
further work on the in vitro
lymphocyte response to Cd as a
diagnostic tool is warranted.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 95263954
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Cadmium|*AE/BL/UR;
Lymphocytes|*DE/ME;
Metallothionein|*BI/GE
- MeSH Heading
- beta 2-Microglobulin|UR;
Adult; Autoradiography;
Blotting, Northern; Cells,
Cultured; Female; Gene
Expression Regulation; Human;
Male; Metallurgy; Middle Age;
Nucleic Acid Hybridization;
Occupational Exposure; RNA,
Messenger|ME; Smoking|AE;
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0260-437X
- Country of Publication
- ENGLAND
Record 49 from
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- Title
- Mobilization of heavy metals
by newer, therapeutically useful
chelating agents.
- Author
- Aposhian HV; Maiorino RM;
Gonzalez Ramirez D; Zuniga
Charles M; Xu Z; Hurlbut KM;
Junco Munoz P; Dart RC; Aposhian
MM
- Address
- Department of Molecular and
Cellular Biology, University of
Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA.
- Source
- Toxicology, 1995 Mar, 97:1-3,
23-38
- Abstract
- Four chelating agents that
have been used most commonly for
the treatment of humans
intoxicated with lead, mercury,
arsenic or other heavy metals
and metalloids are reviewed as
to their advantages,
disadvantages, metabolism and
specificity. Of these, CaNa2EDTA
and dimercaprol (British
anti-lewisite, BAL) are becoming
outmoded and can be expected to
be replaced by
meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid
(DMSA, succimer) for treatment
of lead intoxication and by the
sodium salt of
2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic
acid (DMPS, Dimaval) for
treating lead, mercury or
arsenic intoxication.
Meso-2,3-DMSA and DMPS are
biotransformed differently in
humans. More than 90% of the
DMSA excreted in the urine is
found in the form of a mixed
disulfide in which each of the
sulfur atoms of DMSA is in
disulfide linkage with an
L-cysteine molecule. After DMPS
administration, however, acyclic
and cyclic disulfides of DMPS
are found in the urine. The
Dimaval-mercury challenge test
holds great promise as a
diagnostic test for mercury
exposure, especially for low
level mercurialism. Urinary
mercury after Dimaval challenge
may be a better biomarker of low
level mercurialism than
unchallenged urinary mercury
excretion.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 95232791
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Chelating Agents|*TU;
Metals|PK/*PO
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Dimercaprol|ME/TU;
Edetic Acid|ME/TU; Human;
Succimer|ME/TU; Support, U.S.
Gov't, P.H.S.; Unithiol|ME/TU
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW;
REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0300-483X
- Country of Publication
- IRELAND
Record 50 from
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- Title
- The proteinuria of industrial
lead intoxication.
- Author
- Vacca CV; Hines JD; Hall PW 3d
- Address
-
- Source
- Environ Res, 1986 Dec, 41:2,
440-6
- Abstract
- Studies of protein excretion
were undertaken in seven males,
aged 35-42 years, who had more
than 5 years exposure to
industrial lead and had
clinically established Pb
intoxication. Heavy metal
intoxication with Cd and Hg
causes proximal tubular
abnormalities, i.e.,
aminoaciduria, glycosuria,
phosphaturia. Similar
abnormalities occur in Pb
intoxication except that the
nature of the proteinuria
remains controversial. Studies
of urinary proteins included
24-hr urine protein excretion,
dextran gel separations, sodium
dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE),
and beta 2 microglobulin (B2M)
measurements. Creatinine
clearances, and serum B2M
concentrations were normal.
Urine total protein distribution
by SDS-PAGE and the B2M
excretion rate were also normal.
These data imply that the
nephrotoxicity of Cd and Hg are
different than that of Pb. We
speculate on what might account
for this difference. This study
suggests that when examining a
population exposed to Pb, the
finding of tubular proteinuria
should alert investigators to
search for the presence of other
toxic agents.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 87053774
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Lead Poisoning|*UR;
Proteinuria|*CI
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Cadmium|ME/TO; Human;
Kidney|DE; Lead|BL; Male;
Metallothionein|ME; Molecular
Weight
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0013-9351
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 51 from
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- Title
- Biological monitoring for
heavy metals: practical
concerns.
- Author
- Griffin RM
- Address
-
- Source
- J Occup Med, 1986 Aug, 28:8,
615-8
- Abstract
- Some of the practical concerns
associated with performing
routine analyses of heavy metals
(cadmium, lead, mercury, and
arsenic) in various biological
matrices are the selection of
the biological matrix for
monitoring, the sample
collection, sample storage and
shipment, and sample preparation
and analysis. Other factors that
affect the quality of the
analytical values include
contamination of sampling
materials, blood drawing
procedures, methods of obtaining
urine samples, sample
homogeneity, instrument
calibration and performance, and
laboratory quality control
programs. A total system quality
control approach is necessary to
obtain accurate analyses of
metals in biological samples,
just as it is in all analytical
situations.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 86307178
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Arsenic|*AN; Cadmium|*AN;
Environmental Pollutants|*AN;
Lead|*AN; Mercury|*AN
- MeSH Heading
- Half-Life; Human; Specimen
Handling
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0096-1736
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 52 from
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- Title
- A review of thallium toxicity
[published erratum appears in
Vet Hum Toxicol 1993
Dec;35(6):511]
- Author
- Mulkey JP; Oehme FW
- Address
- Comparative Toxicology
Laboratory, Kansas State
University, Manhattan 66506.
- Source
- Vet Hum Toxicol, 1993 Oct,
35:5, 445-53
- Abstract
- Thallium (Tl) is one of the
most toxic of the heavy metals.
Its continued use as a
rodenticide in many developing
countries and its increasing use
in an expanding number of new
technologies raise concerns
about exposure risk to animals
and humans. Because Tl and
potassium (K) have the same
charge and similar ionic radii,
Tl follows K distribution
pathways and alters and number
of K-dependent processes.
Possible toxic mechanisms of Tl
include ligand formation with
protein sulfhydryl groups,
inhibition of cellular
respiration, interaction with
riboflavin and riboflavin-based
cofactors, and disruption of
calcium homeostasis. The
principal clinical features of
thallotoxicosis are
gastroenteritis, peripheral
neuropathy of unknown etiology,
and alopecia. The presence of
elevated Tl levels in the urine
or other biologic materials
confirms the diagnosis of Tl
poisoning. Treatment with
prussian blue (or activated
charcoal) will interrupt the
enterohepatic cycling of Tl,
thus enhancing fecal elimination
of the metal. Forced diuresis
with potassium loading will
increase the renal clearance of
Tl, but should be used
cautiously because neurologic
and cardiovascular symptom may
be exacerbated. If recognized
and treated early, Tl poisoning
carries a favorable prognosis
for full recovery.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 94069920
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Thallium|CH/ME/*PO
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Human
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW;
REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0145-6296
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 53 from
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- Title
- Epidemiological application of
early markers of nephrotoxicity.
- Author
- Bernard A; Lauwerys R
- Address
- Unit of Industrial Toxicology
and Occupational Medicine,
Catholic University of Louvain,
Brussels, Belgium.
- Source
- Toxicol Lett, 1989 Mar,
46:1-3, 293-306
- Abstract
- This paper is a review of
epidemiological studies in which
sensitive markers of
nephrotoxicity have been used to
detect the early effects of
chemicals on the kidney. Most of
the studies are cross-sectional,
and their objective was either
to identify potentially
nephrotoxic chemicals (organic
solvents, heavy metals) in the
working or general environment
or to establish
dose-response/effect
relationships from which safe
exposure levels can be defined
(e.g., for cadmium and mercury
vapour). A few longitudinal
studies were conducted to
determine the persistence of
renal disturbances and to get
information on their predictive
value (e.g., microproteinuria in
cadmium workers). Nephrotoxicity
tests, which have proved to be
the most useful in these
epidemiological studies, rely on
the determination of specific
urinary proteins which,
according to their size, reflect
the functional integrity of the
proximal tubule (e.g., retinol-binding
protein or beta 2-microglobulin)
or the glomerulus (e.g.,
albumin, immunoglobulin G). An
increased urinary excretion of
the lysosomal enzyme
N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase
has been reported in several
studies (e.g., in lead-exposed
workers), but the pathological
significance of this finding
remains to be clarified,
particularly when it is not
associated with changes in the
urinary excretion of specific
proteins. Further work is needed
to assess the usefulness of
tests introduced more recently
such as the assay of renal
antigens in urine and the use of
red-blood-cell membrane negative
charges as an index of the
glomerular polyanion. With the
exception of microproteinuria
observed in chronic cadmium
poisoning, no epidemiological
data are available on the
prognostic value of subclinical
renal effects caused by
nephrotoxic chemicals.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 89203879
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Kidney Diseases|*CI/EP/UR;
Occupational Diseases|*CI;
Pharmaceutical Preparations|*AE;
Proteinuria|*UR
- MeSH Heading
- Biological Markers|UR;
Environmental Exposure; Human;
Longitudinal Studies
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0378-4274
- Country of Publication
- NETHERLANDS
Record 54 from
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- Title
- Urinary selenium
concentrations.
- Author
- Sanz Alaejos M; Díaz Romero
C
- Address
- Department of Analytical
Chemistry, Food Science, and
Toxicology, University of La
Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
- Source
- Clin Chem, 1993 Oct, 39:10,
2040-52
- Abstract
- Urinary selenium
concentrations are used as an
indicator of selenium status.
A strong correlation has been
established between dietary
selenium and daily urinary
selenium excretion in a wide
range of populations from all
over the world with different
dietary selenium intake. Data
on urinary selenium
concentrations in healthy
individuals and patients with
different pathological
conditions are reviewed.
Selenium excretion rates of
20-200 micrograms/day are not
associated with deficiency or
toxicity problems. Urinary Se
excretion is decreased in
children, elderly people, and
pregnant women. Workers
exposed to heavy metals, and
cancer patients, have higher
and lower urinary Se
concentrations, respectively,
than control groups. The
trimethylselenonium ion, a
minor metabolite of Se in
urine, assumes a significant
role only in the
detoxification of excess Se
intake. Studies of
bioavailability and balance
show the important role of the
kidneys in homeostatic
regulation of Se.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 94007152
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Selenium|AD/CH/*UR
- MeSH Heading
- Human; Reference Values
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0009-9147
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 55 from
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- Title
- Determination and metabolism
of dithiol chelating agents.
XVII. In humans, sodium
2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonate
is bound to plasma albumin via
mixed disulfide formation and
is found in the urine as
cyclic polymeric disulfides.
- Author
- Maiorino RM; Xu ZF; Aposhian
HV
- Address
- Department of Molecular and
Cellular Biology, University
of Arizona, Tucson, USA.
- Source
- J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1996
Apr, 277:1, 375-84
- Abstract
- The binding of
2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonate
(DMPS) in plasma was
determined in three healthy
young adults after a single
300-mg p.o. dose. By 5 hr
after DMPS administration,
62.5% of the total plasma DMPS
was bound to proteins. The
remainder consisted of
nonprotein associated DMPS
disulfides (36.6%) and
unaltered DMPS (0.9%).
Protein-bound DMPS consisted
of a DMPS-albumin complex
(84%) and a higher molecular
weight protein complex (16%),
perhaps albumin aggregates.
DMPS was released from the
isolated DMPS-albumin complex
after treatment with
dithiothreitol, indicating
that it was bound via a
disulfide linkage. The
half-life of unaltered DMPS
was 1.8 hr, whereas that of
altered DMPS was 20 hr,
suggesting that the DMPS-albumin
disulfide complex is stable
and that DMPS was released
from it slowly. In addition,
the biotransformation of OMPS
to disulfide forms was
extensive. By 9 hr after
administration, 10% of the
total urinary DMPS was
unchanged drug and 90% was
altered DMPS. The latter was
converted to DMPS by
dithiothreitol, indicating
that the altered DMPS
consisted of disulfides. In 2-
to 4-hr urine, DMPS disulfides
included cyclic polymeric DMPS
disulfides (97%), DMPS-cysteine
(1:2) mixed disulfide (2.5%)
and acyclic DMPS disulfide
(0.5%). The cyclic polymeric
DMPS disulfides were present
in a major (91.5%) and minor
(5.5%) form. DMPS-albumin
mixed disulfide and nonprotein
DMPS disulfides may prolong
the heavy metal mobilizing
activity of DMPS and thus may
represent reservoirs of DMPS
which can be released by
disulfide reduction in vivo.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 96185099
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Chelating Agents|*ME;
Disulfides|*ME; Serum
Albumin|*ME; Unithiol|*ME
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Captopril|ME;
Chromatography, Thin Layer;
Cysteine|ME; Dithiothreitol|PD;
Human; Male; Penicillamine|ME;
Protein Binding; Support, U.S.
Gov't, P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0022-3565
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
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- Title
- Preconcentration of heavy
metals in urine and
quantification by inductively
coupled plasma atomic emission
spectrometry.
- Author
- López Artíguez M; Cameán
A; Repetto M
- Address
- Instituto Nacional de
ToxicologÆia, Sevilla, Spain.
- Source
- J Anal Toxicol, 1993 Jan,
17:1, 18-22
- Abstract
- This paper describes a
method for the determination
of heavy metals (Co, Ni, Cu,
Cd, Pb) in urine by
inductively coupled plasma
atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES).
The method proposed requires
purification of the samples
with activated charcoal under
acidic conditions before
preconcentration by
complexation with ammonium
pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC).
The formed complexes are
extracted with methyl isobutyl
ketone (MIBK) and the
resulting residue is finally
digested under acid oxidant
conditions. Because of its low
detection limit (below 10
micrograms/L), this procedure
can be applied conveniently
for toxicological diagnostic
purposes.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 93156217
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Metals|*UR
- MeSH Heading
- Cadmium|UR; Charcoal|CH;
Cobalt|UR; Copper|UR; Human;
Lead|UR; Methyl N-Butyl
Ketone|CH; Nickel|UR;
Pyrrolidines|CH;
Reproducibility of Results;
Spectrum Analysis;
Thiocarbamates|CH
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0146-4760
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 57 from
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- Title
- Increased renal tubular cell
excretion by patients
receiving chronic therapy with
gold and with nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs.
- Author
- Ganley CJ; Paget SA;
Reidenberg MM
- Address
- Department of Pharmacology,
Cornell University Medical
College, New York, NY 10021.
- Source
- Clin Pharmacol Ther, 1989
Jul, 46:1, 51-5
- Abstract
- Using rheumatoid arthritis
patients who were receiving
gold as models, we evaluated
the renal effects of the
chronic administration of very
low doses of a nephrotoxic
drug. The heavy metal gold has
been shown to increase urinary
enzyme excretion when it is
given in usual doses for the
treatment of rheumatoid
arthritis. It is not clear
whether the increased urine
enzyme excretion caused by
long-term drug therapy
represents injury to the
kidney or whether it is merely
an effect of the drug. Urinary
N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase
and renal tubular cell
excretion rates were measured
in 19 patients who were
receiving chronic treatment
with gold and with
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs for rheumatoid
arthritis, in 10 patients who
were receiving nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs, and
in 8 healthy control subjects.
No subjects showed evidence of
kidney disease. Both renal
tubular cell and enzyme
excretion rates were elevated
in the gold-treated group.
This showed that there was
increased renal tubular cell
turnover in this group, which
suggests low level renal
tubular injury and not merely
an effect of the usual dose of
gold.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 89304769
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents,
Non-Steroidal|*AE/TU;
Arthritis, Rheumatoid|*DT;
Aurothioglucose|*AE/TU;
Gold|*AE; Kidney Tubules,
Proximal|CY/*DE/EN
- MeSH Heading
- Acetylglucosaminidase|ME;
Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and
over; Female; Human; Male;
Middle Age; Support, U.S.
Gov't, P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0009-9236
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
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- Title
- Metabolism of
meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic
acid in lead-poisoned children
and normal adults.
- Author
- Asiedu P; Moulton T; Blum
CB; Roldan E; Lolacono NJ;
Graziano JH
- Address
- Department of Pharmacology,
College of Physicians and
Surgeons, Columbia University,
New York, NY 10032, USA.
- Source
- Environ Health Perspect,
1995 Jul, 103:7-8, 734-9
- Abstract
- Meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic
acid (DMSA, or succimer) is an
oral chelating agent for
heavy-metal poisoning. While
studying the urinary
elimination of unaltered DMSA,
altered DMSA (i.e., its mixed
disulfides), and lead in
children with lead poisoning,
we observed a pattern of
urinary drug elimination after
meals suggestive of
enterohepatic circulation. The
excretion of lead in urine
patterned the elimination of
altered DMSA rather than the
parent molecule. In addition,
the half-life of elimination
of DMSA via the kidney was
positively associated with
blood lead concentration. Two
additional crossover studies
of DMSA kinetics were
conducted in normal adults to
confirm the presence of
enterohepatic circulation of
DMSA after meals. In one,
increases in plasma total DMSA
concentration were observed
after meals in all six
subjects; these increases were
prevented by cholestyramine
administration 4, 8, and 12 hr
after DMSA. In the second, the
administration of neomycin
also prevented increases in
DMSA after meals. These
studies indicate that 1) a
metabolite(s) of DMSA
undergoes enterohepatic
circulation and that
microflora are required for
DMSA reentry; 2) in children,
moderate lead exposure impairs
renal tubular drug
elimination; and 3) a
metabolite of DMSA appears to
be an active chelator.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 96017918
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Lead Poisoning|BL/*ME/UR;
Succimer|AD/*ME
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Child; Child,
Preschool; Cholestyramine|PD;
Cross-Over Studies; Eating;
Female; Human; Infant; Lead|BL/UR;
Liver Circulation; Male;
Neomycin|PD; Pilot Projects;
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't;
Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL
ARTICLE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED
TRIAL
- ISSN
- 0091-6765
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 59 from
database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Application of biomarkers in
population studies for
respiratory non-malignant
diseases.
- Author
- Paoletti P
- Address
- CNR Institute of Clinical
Physiology, University of
Pisa, Italy.
- Source
- Toxicology, 1995 Jul,
101:1-2, 99-105
- Abstract
- Though the use of biomarkers
has been mainly suggested for
cancer studies, the
possibility of its use in non
malignant disease is
considered. Markers of
internal dose, markers of
biologically effective dose
and markers of early
biologically effect have been
typically used in basic
research and, more recently,
in epidemiology to
characterize genotoxic
carcinogenic agents. These
markers (e.g. adducts to DNA
or proteins) may be used
mainly in the presence of
chronic exposure to toxic
agents (e.g. benzene or
benzopyrene), additional
markers such as
carboxyhemoglobin, expired air
to measure various VOC and
heavy metals in biological
fluids are also considered in
the paper. Since airway
obstructive disease (asthma,
chronic bronchitis, emphysema)
are the main disorders
influenced by environmental
factors (including air
pollution), markers of
individual susceptibility,
such as atopy increased
responsiveness of airways,
initial level of lung
function, must be considered
for a more precise evaluation
of the relationship between
environmental exposure and
health effects. Currently, the
application of the
determination of markers of
exposure in non malignant
disorders is very limited. In
fact, the relationships
between acute adverse
respiratory effects and the
exposure to air pollutants
appears difficult since
markers for common air
pollutants are not available,
and their detection appears
difficult in acute conditions.
Characterization of long term
exposure may be performed in
organ fluids (blood, urine,
saliva) however it is
important to recognize that
concentration at that level
may not reflect that observed
in the target organ (e.g.
lung).
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 95357817
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Air Pollutants|*/TO;
Biological Markers|*;
Population Surveillance|*;
Respiratory Tract Diseases|CI/*EP
- MeSH Heading
- Air Pollution, Indoor;
Disease Susceptibility; Human
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW;
REVIEW, TUTORIAL
- ISSN
- 0300-483X
- Country of Publication
- IRELAND
Record 60 from
database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Analytical quality control
of cadmium and lead in blood
and cadmium in urine: results
of its implementation during a
five-year epidemiological
study.
- Author
- Claeys F; Ducoffre G; Sartor
F; Roels H
- Address
- Institute of Hygiene and
Epidemiology, Epidemiology
Unit, Brussels, Belgium.
- Source
- IARC Sci Publ, 1992, :118,
83-92
- Abstract
- Quality-control programmes
are very important in
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